tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-30496555144029225292024-03-18T06:03:20.764+00:00Snig's ClassroomSnigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.comBlogger39125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-14550887214486272122024-02-12T16:21:00.001+00:002024-02-17T17:07:07.257+00:00Using case law in civil advocacy submissions<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><b>Using the
case law in civil advocacy submissions</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80mISB9Tr5N8T9tjLRzbB-kCPgH0uAp24WEg_GBmZoHkziz5MQS5IRUq7lhgpybNuhugTm66MpprPaCc7lVg6OAHzREMbCKDB8W6-Y6mMHBkF0_BXFbz85EhZQKuWOmBcsHXHPainn6F5RPTRqfrb2rKUm4kTXnlTvVWEuSJ6XZOUsFIdBWIbjjcGjG4W/s1280/Using%20case%20law%20in%20civil%20submissions.jpg" style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg80mISB9Tr5N8T9tjLRzbB-kCPgH0uAp24WEg_GBmZoHkziz5MQS5IRUq7lhgpybNuhugTm66MpprPaCc7lVg6OAHzREMbCKDB8W6-Y6mMHBkF0_BXFbz85EhZQKuWOmBcsHXHPainn6F5RPTRqfrb2rKUm4kTXnlTvVWEuSJ6XZOUsFIdBWIbjjcGjG4W/w400-h225/Using%20case%20law%20in%20civil%20submissions.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /> </span><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You
may find that there is relevant case law you will want to refer the judge to in
a civil procedural submission. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This
case law can serve several functions. You need to be familiar with the
principle established by the case, and how it serves the function below which
you need to achieve. How you use the case will depend on the function the
principle will serve, as you will see below. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
functions case law can serve are as follows:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sets
out the court’s approach.</span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Where
one of the rules do not actually tell the court how to approach the application
being made, you need to check either the case law or the Practice Direction for
the “thinking process” of the court. A good example is applications for
extension of the validity of a claim form whilst the CF is still valid under
7.6(2). A good reason needs to be established, and the better the reason, the
more likely the extension will be granted, please see the White Book Volume 1
commentary at 7.6.2. The principles for the grant of an Interim Injunction set
out in the landmark case of American Cyanamid v Ethicon is another example. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Establishes
either the burden or standard of proof.</span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
general civil burden is allocated on the basis that “he who asserts must
prove”. The general civil standard is on the balance of probabilities (it is
more likely than not). However, there are some applications where the case law
gives guidance on either the burden or standard of proof. An applicant will
want to argue this has been met, obviously. The respondent has the possibility
of not only arguing rebuttals on whether the legal test was met (arguing that
the applicant has not made out the grounds for an order to be granted), but
also arguing that the applicant has failed to discharge their burden to the
appropriate standard. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Helping
the court understand the legal test by offering guidance on the meaning of the
rules.</span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
phrase “Real prospect of success” as used in applications for either setting
aside of default judgment or an application for summary judgment is defined in
the case of Swain v Hillman. Therefore you need to know how the court defines
“real” as it is different from the meaning in the ordinary world of common
parlance. In Swain v Hillman, real was defined as “realistic as opposed to
fanciful”. Something which is fanciful is far fetched or unlikely. Therefore
you will need to use the facts and evidence to demonstrate realistic chances of
success which are not fanciful or far fetched if you are for the applicant. The
respondent on the other hand needs to undermine the strength of the applicant’s
case to show it is far fetched, unlikely and unrealistic either factually,
evidentially or legally. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Where
the case law is an important procedural authority.</span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Denton
v White is an example of this, as this case represents judicial guidance with
wide applicability (here it is relief from sanctions and all implied
sanctions). The three stage approach to relief from sanctions is contained in
Denton, meaning that any application for relief from any sanction (including
implied ones) have to cover all three stages. But Denton also deals with other fundamental
principles, like dissuading opportunism by innocent parties in obtaining a
litigation advantage against a defaulting party. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Where
a case clarifies confusion which existed in a particular area.</span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Denton
v White offered important clarification of the approach to relief from
sanctions in Mitchell v News Group Newspapers.Therefore it needs to be drawn to the court's attention and the main principles from the case need to be outlined to the court. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
you need to do in your oral and written advocacy</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You need to therefore be aware when considering
the application you are making, what case law is relevant and which function
the case law fulfils. You may also need to read the original case rather than
just rely on the brief summary in the White Book commentary. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You can refer to the White Book commentary if
it sets out the matter in enough detail, but don’t forget to cite the relevant
paragraph of commentary in both your skeleton argument and oral performance and
don’t forget to present it as being commentary rather than the rule. Case law
reports are a primary source, but the commentary although learned, is a
secondary source; it was compiled by the editors of the White Book. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">When you are relying on case law you will need
to cite it in the skeleton argument. The judge and the opponent cannot be
“taken by surprise” by the sudden citation of cases in oral submissions
delivered without warning. Letting the judge know in the skeleton argument
helps the judge form a preliminary view. Informing your opponent is a
professional courtesy required in the interests of justice. [You may want to append the relevant headnote and relevant paragraphs of the judgment to your skeleton argument as appendices.] <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">When
structuring your skeleton arguments and submissions it is important to think
about where best to include any case law that you want to draw to the judge’s
attention.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As a
general rule, where you intend to make any arguments on the basis of the case
law (particularly say if you are deploying it to help the court understand the
legal test), it is better to include relevant case law as part of your
‘submissions section’ rather than under the ‘legal test section.’ If you
include case law for this reason under the legal test it will appear ‘orphaned’
from the facts of the case and therefore it may not be clear to the judge how
it relates to the arguments that you are making. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">However,
for other uses of case law then it may well be better to include as part of the
legal test. Where the case is an important procedural authority – as in Denton
v White – which sets the parameters for the arguments that you will need to
make, then it is important to include this as part of the legal test to give
the judge the framework for analysing your submissions. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Reflecting
on how and why you are using the case law, using the guidance above, should
help ensure you deploy it in writing and oral submissions to maximum effect</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Please
also, where you cite case law, remember to give:</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The full case name and citation</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The principle of law established by that case</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Apply that principle explicitly to your case</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Please avoid using civil procedure cases dating
from before 1998 and the Civil Procedure Rules, as the rules themselves
changed. (Unless this authority is vital, or your only option; Norwich Pharmacal and American Cyanamid v Ethicon are examples of pre-98 case law you would definitely need to rely on in the relevant applications.)<br /></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUeQ_xH_BOMZa8KES51J4FNnBDOF2k0u6Vyjl5pySv8Sievr0XobKrtjz5aZZTjImJ4S0B-a5U30whua_xN5yP6CS_ytBQlaQ4kx0GPWdj4Wig7s55YIYGzHCQT4pFDvt_scE9lANeUGYdKEjs9e_a4vA-iqIEhl1Ap1VKaXXpMope4eeleECrvJqtCPAF/s1280/Using%20case%20law%20in%20civil%20submissions%201.jpg" style="font-family: arial; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUeQ_xH_BOMZa8KES51J4FNnBDOF2k0u6Vyjl5pySv8Sievr0XobKrtjz5aZZTjImJ4S0B-a5U30whua_xN5yP6CS_ytBQlaQ4kx0GPWdj4Wig7s55YIYGzHCQT4pFDvt_scE9lANeUGYdKEjs9e_a4vA-iqIEhl1Ap1VKaXXpMope4eeleECrvJqtCPAF/w640-h360/Using%20case%20law%20in%20civil%20submissions%201.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Don’t
just recite the facts of the case. Many students do this – or they rely on the
outcome of the case. Never forget that your case may have different facts, and
you cannot ask the judge to impose the same outcome without having good
reasons. Use the principle established by the case. If needed refer the judge
to the relevant paragraph of the judgment. You should then explain how the
facts and evidence in your case should be interpreted in the light of the
principle you cite. Draw the judge to the conclusion to be drawn, don’t just
“hint” at what you want the judge to decide. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Further
reading:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
legal test in civil submissions: <a href="https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-legal-test-in-civil-submissions.html">https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-legal-test-in-civil-submissions.html</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Starting
your civil submission: <a href="https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2019/10/starting-your-civil-submission.html">https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2019/10/starting-your-civil-submission.html</a>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><i>This
blog post was written with the kind assistance of Jonathan Waghorne, a current
BVS student. Thanks to him for reading a draft of this blog post, and thank you
for writing the paragraphs on where to include the cases in the skeleton
argument. </i></span></p>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-81874553653375825582021-09-17T15:25:00.002+01:002021-09-17T15:25:48.542+01:0010 Bar course knowledge subject tips<p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">These are my 10 Bar course knowledge subject tips. These tips will help you, regardless of your provider. So whether you are doing City's BVS, the BTC or the BPC, this should be of assistance to you*. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kfgEwDTqVRk/YUSlJD1m0WI/AAAAAAAAMGM/YQ2yVCf3L6sKP01oGC4-CWoL9J69yLRNQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1280/10%2BBar%2BCourse%2BKnowledge%2Btips.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kfgEwDTqVRk/YUSlJD1m0WI/AAAAAAAAMGM/YQ2yVCf3L6sKP01oGC4-CWoL9J69yLRNQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h225/10%2BBar%2BCourse%2BKnowledge%2Btips.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1. Always use the syllabus when studying: the syllabus will tell you
what you need to know - and in what level of detail - as well as what you don't
need to know. Never make assumptions - always check the syllabus. </span></p>
<p class="xmsolistparagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2. Begin with understanding each topic. Trying to
learn something thoroughly without understanding it, is almost impossible. If
that means you start with lecture notes, textbooks, revision guides, that is
fine. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Work your way through the resources you have
been provided, pausing when you come across something you don’t understand and
addressing that problem before moving on. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3. Once you have that understanding, you can start to drill down into
the detail. You will need to look at the specific wording of certain rules and
provisions. Now is when you need to crack open your Blackstones and White Book.
The subtle differences between “may” and “must” are important here, also the
factors involved in discretionary decisions, etc. Using the syllabus as set out
above, you need to be clear about which rules are tested, which cases you need
to know by name, which Practice Directions (PD) you need to have checked (and
which paragraphs), which paragraphs of Blackstones and the White Book you need
to have read and made bullet point notes on.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4. Do not cut any corners. There are no quick fixes. You need to cover
everything. You then will need to revise everything. My favourite topic as a
tutor might never come up; I am not writing the exam paper! So you can’t expect
any hints from tutors or former students. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">5. Make your own notes. They will help you make your own sense of the
material. EVEN IF your provider gives you documents, slides etc. They can help
you with your understanding. But because you have not organised the information
yourself, it will not "stick" as well. Think about how you want to
make your own notes. Some prefer to type their notes. If you do, then you must
ensure you are meticulous about saving and backing everything up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, old school handwriting works for a
lot of people. The research paper "The Pen is Mightier than the
Keyboard" (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014) suggests that the link to
memory from writing is better than with typing. The challenge with paper notes
is organisation and filing. Whether you use paper or typed notes, make sure you
date everything. Immediately after a session, make sure you fill in any gaps in
your notes; do it while your mind is fresh. </span></p>
<p class="xmsolistparagraph" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">6. Participate
in your sessions. It is only by attempting the questions that you will be able
to bring your knowledge together into a cohesive whole. Being able to explain
your understanding will clarify and deepen your knowledge. The BVS is very much
a “Learning by doing” course – (social constructivist/constructivist pedagogy).
Sitting back will not assist you constructing your own knowledge. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">7. Form a study group from the outset. Supporting each other, learning
from each other's insights are important. We are also social animals. It is
good not to feel alone. Covering the material with a group can help lessen the
load - divide the topics between you. You can hold your study group sessions in
person or online, depending on when you want your sessions and where you all
are located. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">8. Think about the questions you are being asked to answer in class.
What facts are being used in the question? Why these particular clues? What are
the clues in the question to trigger the relevant knowledge? What sub-questions
do you need to know the answers to in order to be able to answer the main
question?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">9. Test yourself regularly. Testing helps train the brain's recall. The
top quizzers in the world regularly use self-testing to keep their knowledge
fresh. A "test" doesn't always have to have the purpose of obtaining
a pass mark - training your brain is just as useful. Many students avoid
testing themselves because they worry about not achieving the pass mark, and so
they put off doing mocks and tests; they only test themselves at the end of
their revision period. This is the wrong approach as the testing is not to check
if you can pass – it is a learning technique in itself. You can use the
questions provided by your law school, or you can try to write your own, or get
your study group to write a few questions each to create a “paper”. At its
simplest, you can just cover up your notes and see how much you remember. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">10. Start as you mean to go on. Especially at the beginning of the
course, because work piles up and the concepts become more complex as you
progress. Keep up as well as you can. If you fall behind, try to catch up.
Don't leave making your full set of notes to the last minute. Don't leave
trying to understand the subject matter to the revision period.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Good luck with your studies. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span>* <span style="font-family: arial;">BVS = Bar Vocational Studies, BTC = Bar Training Course, BPC = Bar Practice Course</span><br /></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><i>This is an expanded and updated version of my blog post on BPTC knowledge tips, which you can find here: <a href="https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2018/10/10-bptc-knowledge-subject-tips.html">https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2018/10/10-bptc-knowledge-subject-tips.html</a></i></span> <br /></p>Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-54848840907591477512021-06-16T17:09:00.000+01:002021-06-16T17:09:19.367+01:00How to structure your LLM dissertation<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">In my work as an assessor of LLM dissertations, I see that
some students who were adept at writing law essays on either the LLB or GDL,
tend find the format of a dissertation difficult. Or even intimidating, despite
having the skills and ability.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">I am writing to provide guidance to students who are
required to write a “practice focussed” dissertation for an LLM. This type of
dissertation is set on the BVS LLM. Although there are other LLM courses which
set similar dissertation projects. Please check your module/course handbook to ensure
that this advice complies with what is being expected of you. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5uiSBD1FUV4/YMogmoBUY3I/AAAAAAAAL78/VNtnQu-gIf02LmcuRa5Z5Sh0g3iZjzurgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1280/How%2Bto%2Bstructure%2Byour%2BLLM%2Bdissertation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5uiSBD1FUV4/YMogmoBUY3I/AAAAAAAAL78/VNtnQu-gIf02LmcuRa5Z5Sh0g3iZjzurgCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h360/How%2Bto%2Bstructure%2Byour%2BLLM%2Bdissertation.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Always remember – a dissertation is the distillation of the
researching, reading and analysing process. So you are not writing up to the
word limit. You are attempting to answer a current and relevant question
relating to a contemporary legal topic which is connected to the practice of
law in England and Wales. Your thoughts, analysis and reasoning should (if
written down) exceed the word limit, and require crafting and editing to bring
it into the prescribed word limit. It needs to be concise, incisive and free
from padding. Students who write up to the word limit tend to waffle and use
padding to reach the limit. The padding usually involves long quotations, long
recitation of the facts of a case, description of the law. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>Dissertation – structure</u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">An LLM practice faced dissertation needs to have a structure
and layout appropriate to legal academia. This involves certain formal
requirements and other items I would suggest would show a well-researched,
complete and well presented piece of legal academic research, analysis and
writing.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>The introductory pages</u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Title page – course, title, candidate number, word count,
some people include the university logo</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Abstract – 300-400 word summary of the dissertation – do not
write this until you’ve finished the whole dissertation or it could conflict
with the rest of the content</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Optional: acknowledgments </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Contents – doing this accurately takes a lot of effort,
checking and double checking. Do not leave this to the last minute. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Table of statutes – include the sections relied on, the full
name of the Act of Parliament and the year</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Table of statutory instruments – include the regulations
relied on, the full name of the SI, the year and the SI number</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Table of cases – include full case names and citations </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>The dissertation</u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chapter 1: Introduction chapter, including:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
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</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">- Introductory remarks addressing
why the topic is important/relevant - <span style="color: black;">reasons for
choice, questions being addressed</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">- Methodology – what it is, why it
has been chosen, why it is appropriate to title/subject matter</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">- Research methods used – keep this
brief</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">- Scope of the
research/dissertation – including a justification of any limits</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;">- Overview of structure (if space allows - if you are running out of words, leave this out).<br /></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></span><span style="font-family: arial;">Chapters – 2/3/4 etc – these should usually address the sub-questions
you identify. Or your can use the approach below: </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chapter 3 Case Study Examples/Comparative element (with
caveats)/critical analysis of key issues/ statistical analysis (with caveats)*</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Chapter 4 Evaluation of the law - or Proposal of reforms -
Or analysis on the legal doctrine from a critical perspective</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Conclusions and recommendations – you should not introduce
any new analysis or legal provisions here. But you need to draw together the
conclusions which answer the main question here. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>At the end</u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Bibliography – you should be adding to this every time you
find a new source, or you may find you miss something. This can lead to
allegations of plagiarism because the sources have not been properly credited
and cited, so this can be a serious error to make.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Identify: books, practitioner texts, journal articles, newspaper/magazine
sources, government reports, Law Commission reports, other reports, websites
(give the date of access for these and the URL). </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>Things to think about</u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Using subheadings within chapters.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Using sub-sections within the chapters – 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 etc. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Don’t repeat yourself – use cross references to let the
reader know where to look back or ahead when necessary.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Ensuring there are not lots of long paragraphs of text. Any
single paragraph of, say, more than half a side of A4 (single spaced) is
probably too long. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Avoiding setting out long quotations from cases, statute or
journals with no good reason. Try to pick out what is essential and keep it
brief. Remember that TurnItIn measures the content against other sources for
similarity. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Avoid setting out long explanations of the facts of a case –
only use the facts where they directly influence the reasoning of the court and
help illustrate an important point. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Keeping quotations from sources separate from your analysis
to avoid any possibility of being accused of plagiarism. This means careful use
of quotation marks and ensuring as you compile your notes it is clear what
comes from the course and what is your analysis or commentary.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Accurate pagination is a must. This means you must not leave
your work until the last minute as this is when things are most likely to go
wrong. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>The caveats</u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">*Caveats: Comparative analysis is very difficult to do
successfully. It usually ends up being nothing more than padding, with
descriptive writing of the jurisdiction being compared. CLS sets a limit on
comparative analysis in the LLM dissertation. I would avoid it as far as
possible. Statistical analysis should be based on information already available
(eg; Employment tribunal statistics, Office of National Statistics
information). You cannot do data collection on a dissertation of this type.
Unless you are just using the figures from other studies, you will need
statistical analysis skills and you will need to explain your methods. Proper
statistical analysis is a skill in itself, which you must be able to carry out
accurately. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u>The dissertation files</u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">You might find these other posts helpful:</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Dissertation tips: <a href="https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2020/02/llm-dissertation-tips.html">https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2020/02/llm-dissertation-tips.html</a></span>
</p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Methodology matters: <a href="https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2020/07/methodology-matters.html">https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2020/07/methodology-matters.html</a></span>
</p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">My recommended book on LLM dissertations is “Law
Dissertations: A step-by-step guide” by Laura Lammasniemi. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">For guidance on research methods and methodology in
particular, I would recommend “Research Methods In Law” by Dawn Watkins and
Mandy Burton, Routledge. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">For guidance on critical thinking [because your writing must
not be descriptive, it must be critical in nature] I would recommend “Critical
Thinking: The Basics” by Stuart Hanscomb, Routledge.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Your dissertation will need to use OSCOLA referencing and
the guide to this system can be found here: <a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf">oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf
(ox.ac.uk)</a></span> </p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">I strongly encourage students to draw up a timeline for your
research and writing, please see: <a href="https://explorationsofstyle.com/2017/04/18/can-you-have-too-much-writing-time/">https://explorationsofstyle.com/2017/04/18/can-you-have-too-much-writing-time/</a></span>
</p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Good luck with your work! <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Snigdha Nag </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">June 2021</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-22444096301788069492021-01-21T18:50:00.004+00:002024-01-21T16:10:19.216+00:00How to prepare for the drafting assessment<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This blog post is primarily intended for students on the BVS (Bar
Vocational Studies), BTC (Bar Training Course), the ICCA Bar Course, and Bar
Practice Course (BPC). However it may also assist LPC students who are assessed
on statements of case.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><b>This blog post has been updated on 21 January 2024 to reflect changes to the assessment methods and process at CLS's BVS course. <br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VQyceMDWm-w/YAnMNx17rhI/AAAAAAAALm8/kIhKn4hF9XE2R8LCnSFapU1p-Yz3nTWPgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1019/How%2Bto%2Bprepare%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bdrafting%2Bassessment.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="1019" height="274" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VQyceMDWm-w/YAnMNx17rhI/AAAAAAAALm8/kIhKn4hF9XE2R8LCnSFapU1p-Yz3nTWPgCLcBGAsYHQ/w481-h274/How%2Bto%2Bprepare%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bdrafting%2Bassessment.jpg" width="481" /></a></div><br /> <br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
drafting exam usually involves students being informed of the core areas of law
in advance, but not the nature of the draft to be completed. This means you
need to conduct a process of research, some revision of what your learned in
drafting during the module, and a review of your previous work before the exam.
You need to build an exam drafting resource , which I will call your “drafting
file”. You also need to think about what you will do in the exam timeframe
available to you. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This
blog post is designed to take you through each stage of this process. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Phase
1: research and revision</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><b><i>UPDATE FOR 2024: CLS will allow students to put together digital resources for the exam. Ideally you should ensure these are saved to your computer, so that you do not need to tax your battery life. You will be able to access the internet resources such as Lexis+ and Westlaw in the exam. However, I would advise against spending time in the exam doing online research. You should do this in advance, and save the results to your computer. You may also want to think about whether you want a combination of paper and digital resources. For your paper resource, you can take printouts or photocopies of anything, provided you can find your way around your paper resource in the exam. </i><br /></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Do
your research on the areas of law you were notified may apply. Ensure you
understand the area/s of law before you go any further. Don’t neglect the
Remedies manual as a resource for what can be claimed or which liability can be
resisted. <i>[Update: CLS students can access the full PDF of the Remedies and Drafting manual from Moodle, at BVS Central, please do not access this from Bibliu.]<br /></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yes,
you can do extensive legal research online. Do so, but don’t go mad printing
out huge swathes of online materials. Make sure you understand the ingredients
of the cause of action and the likely remedies. Bullet point notes and
strategic materials are what you need, whether paper or digital. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Top
up your understanding with research from practitioner sources. Make notes and
collect printouts as needed. Keep it realistic, based on what you realistically
think you can refer to during the exam period. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">There
are some fundamental questions you need to have a basic understanding about:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
are the main purposes of: a Particulars of Claim, a Defence, a Defence and
Counterclaim? What are you trying to
achieve? What do the CPR and/or Practice Directions say about them?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
are the acceptable responses in a Defence? When you deny an allegation, what
must you set out?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
is the format for a counterclaim? What are the formal requirements?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
professional conduct issues arise from drafting?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Go
back to the Drafting manual. The most important chapters for you are:</span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Chapter
7 – PoC</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Chapter
8 – Defences</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Chapter
9 – Advanced PoC</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Chapter
10 – Advanced Defences</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Chapter
13 – Defence and Counterclaim</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
“Stages” approach to Drafting as introduced in Chapter 7 is fundamental, not
just to the content of your draft, but to its structure. You need to know what
the paragraphs of your statement of case need to deal with, and in which order.
This can help you remember what you need to include. It will also help you
recognise in what order to raise them – establish the obligation, show how the
obligation has been breached, explain what happened as a result, claim relevant
remedies, etc… </span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Remembering
the order of issues will help you with the structure of your draft. Remember
which issues need to go in your draft will help you with your case analysis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Phase
2: check lists and crib sheets</span></b></p><p><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I
find that I can’t remember lists of things very well. If I make a shopping list
and forget it at home when I go to the shops, remembering what was in my list
is almost impossible. Similarly, creating a list in my head from scratch is
very difficult. When you have the stress of an assessment, when you are trying
to read a set of papers, analyse those papers, plan your draft and then
actually it out in full within your time limit, having to remember lists of
useful information is probably too much to manage with. </span>
</p><p><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If
you need to make up checklists, do so. Checklists mean you don’t need to rely
on your memory. <i>[Update: these checklists can be paper or digital. But do prepare them in advance.]</i></span><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></i></p><p><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">For
example:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
are the necessary facts to plead a contract?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Which
facts help show a duty of care? What are they in a road traffic accident? What
are they in a professional negligence case?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
are the necessary elements for a claim of misrepresentation? What facts are
necessary to make out those elements? Remember that for a single element you
may need more than one fact.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If
you are relying on a conviction, which facts are required to do so?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If
you are making a claim relating to a debt under the Late Payments legislation,
what are the facts and requirements needed to support such a claim?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">There
are many other examples, but these are useful to begin with. </span></p><p><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">There
are certain forms of words which are commonly used in drafting. They can be
found in practitioner precedent sources, or in the drafting manual. But you
will want to be able to find them quickly. You have two options – have them in
your manual and your drafting file (if printed from practitioner precedents) –
or to put together crib sheets in your drafting file which are easy for you to
find. The choice is yours. <i>[Update: you can make these crib sheets digital and save to your computer.]</i></span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Think
about whether you want to have a “crib sheet” of useful wordings or a "Bank of useful phrases"…. Such as:</span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
The typical way in which a contract (agreement) is pleaded</span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
The lead in to particulars of negligence</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
The lead in to particulars of breach of contract</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
The lead in to particulars of falsity (misrepresentation)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">- How to plead vicarious liability</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">- How to combine concurrent liability <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
The set off paragraph</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
Formal elements of a Late Payments claim</span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
Interest – fixed claim, claim to be assessed, County Court, High Court, Late
payments claim</span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Different
formulas for denials:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
Denial of causation</span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
Denial of foreseeability of loss</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">- How to allege a failure to mitigate </span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
Denial of a single fact, admitting the rest</span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
Admission of a single fact, denial of the rest</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This
list is not exhaustive, think about what else you have met on the course which
you think it might be helpful to have in front of you in case you need to be
guided by or replicate a particular form of words. </span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Phase
3: review you own work and put together your drafting exam file</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Look
back at your work, to review what you have learned about drafting. This is best
done by printing out your work and reviewing it to the feedback you have
received and comparing with the suggested answer. Carry out some consolidation and reflection on your work and the feedback you have received. <i>[Update: you could download all of your work digitally and see what comments your tutor ha provided you, both in class and for the formative.]</i> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Read the commentaries of the
suggested answers so you understand the reasoning behind the approach and
analysis. If you haven’t already marked up your work, do so now – with advice
to yourself on case analysis, wording, things you missed, tactics and
practicality.</span>
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If
you have often cut corners on case analysis, go back to the Case Preparation
and Opinion Writing Manual. Please do not start writing your draft until you
have completed your case analysis. The vast majority of people who do not pass
drafting are people who carry out little or no case analysis.</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Your
previous attempts at work, the suggested answers, your printouts and notes on
the core law and your checklists should form part of your drafting file – your <i>digital</i> or paper
toolkit. Go back to Moodle and check the class slides from class. Is there
anything useful here you'd like to have with you in the exam - make a note or
print it out <i>or download it</i>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Get
all your drafting work together – notes from the VLE (Moodle), suggested
answers, preparation notes, any slides which you have found useful, all of your
notes on drafting.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Put
them in a folder.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <i>[Update: this can be a digital compilation.]</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You may want to use Tabs or insert
dividers – splitting up the file into Particulars of Claim, Defences, Defence
and Counterclaim, Part 20 Claims.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You
may also want to consider: Injunction Orders, Witness statements (in other
words – start with statements of case). Check what you might be assessed upon - which might be different depending on your provider. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <br /></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Phase
4: what happens in the exam</span></b></p><b>
</b><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In
the exam, you will need to think carefully about how to use your time. I would
suggest that you ensure you go through 4 stages of work:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1.
Reading</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2.
Analysis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3.
Planning: stages/paragraph planning and then detailed factual paragraph
planning</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4.
Drafting</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Let
us look at them in detail:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Reading</span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This
involves asking yourself – who is my client? Be mindful of the difference
between claiming and defending.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
does my client want to achieve?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
document am I required to draft?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Careful
reading of the papers – thinking about the chronology and time line.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
are the client’s objectives?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
is the cause of action?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What are my preliminary thoughts on losses? <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Case
analysis</span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
are the elements of the cause of action?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
is my view on the relevant causes of action?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">How
can I use the principles of law to achieve it?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
facts can I use which relate to those principles?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
is my view on remedy?<br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">How
do the facts interact with those elements? Are they all present on these facts?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
has the client lost? </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">
Prepare a working list of heads of loss, with some bullet points on
amount with cross reference to your papers for later reference.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">How
can principles of remedies been applied to help the client recover what they
have lost?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
can be claimed?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">How
can the recovery of loss be maximised?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
are the required aspects of the kind of draft I am required to write?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hint
#1: for particulars of claim, you are seeking to establish elements of the
cause/s of action in order to claim a remedy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hint
#2: for a defence, you are seeking to attack the elements of the cause of
action and/or raise defences which exist as a matter of law to ensure the
claimant cannot get a remedy.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Planning</span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
first step is working out the full list of matters which need to be pleaded.
This involves planning how many paragraphs you need – depending on the stages,
the elements of the cause of action, the structure of the particulars of claim
and the necessary responses and positive case of the defendant…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Literally
all this means is working out what broad topic – defining
parties/addresses/status, factual background, storytelling or a “stage” of the
claim/defence you are dealing with and putting them in the right order.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <i>[Update: you can jot down your thoughts on the relevant stages in your blank document in the exam.]<br /></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Then
you need to draft a plan of your draft with an idea of what goes in each
paragraph. So the plan is more than a list of topics – it is a thought out
(brief) skeleton of the draft. You need to know which facts you need to
establish, which facts are relevant and how to set them out. </span><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">[Update: you set out your paragraph by paragraph plan in your blank document on your computer in the exam.]<br /></span></span></i></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Drafting</span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This
is actually putting together the whole draft. This will take some time because
the precision and concision of expression is very important. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You are not just
copying stuff from your instructions or draft witness statements. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You are also not just copying stuff from your suggested answers, because each case is dependent on its own facts and your case analysis is key. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Your draft has
to avoid pejorative and emotional language. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You have to draft in accordance
with the principles of ethics. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You have to endeavour to be precise and concise in your wording.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You have to comply with the relevant procedural rules. <br /> <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You need to give yourself time to think about these matters carefully. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Don’t
forget to check your draft at the end! Proofreading is very important - you
cannot solely rely on the spell checker. Try to leave yourself 5-10 minutes for proofreading. <br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Don’t
forget to pay attention to the heading and the formalities at the end. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">These
are important!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Good
luck with the drafting assessment!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: 8.0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-80368790272935481492020-12-01T14:09:00.003+00:002020-12-01T14:09:38.315+00:00How to answer civil litigation exam questions<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Civil
litigation exam questions are multiple choice “single best answer” questions,
in the main. This means that all the answers have the potential to be correct,
but that one answer is more correct than the others. Sometimes the reason will
be strictly legal; the requirements the court must meet are most precisely
stated in one answer compared to another. Sometimes the answer is predicated on
an understanding of the case law alongside the relevant Civil Procedure Rule,
meaning you need to have read and revised the White Book commentary which is on
syllabus. </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QF_Z8RUsk2M/X8JWOHc4m9I/AAAAAAAALjI/GmzYsv3zpos1Pwx5eDZmjgy1byJF67bHACLcBGAsYHQ/s1043/How%2Bto%2Banswer%2Bcivil%2Blitigation%2Bexam%2Bquestions.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="1043" height="258" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QF_Z8RUsk2M/X8JWOHc4m9I/AAAAAAAALjI/GmzYsv3zpos1Pwx5eDZmjgy1byJF67bHACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h258/How%2Bto%2Banswer%2Bcivil%2Blitigation%2Bexam%2Bquestions.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
factual scenario in a question is often neglected by candidates. Candidates
often think there is insufficient time to properly read and analyse the
scenario. Equally, candidates may read the scenario and do not know where to
start with it. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This
blog post is an attempt to flag up some of the things to look out for when
reading a question to help you diagnose the type of litigation problem the
client has, and how it may be solved. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Step 1: Initial thoughts</span></u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Read
the factual scenario</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Who
am I for?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
is the cause of action?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
do you know about the prospects of success in your factual scenario, thinking
about the cause of action, its elements and possible defences? Carry out some
preliminary case analysis. It will help you to have a working knowledge of the
elements of negligence, conversion, breach of contract, misrepresentation,
nuisance, and the main defences to each. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Is
this a type of case which has special procedures or a specialist court? (eg,
PI, Fatal accidents, Construction cases). </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Step 2: Where are we in the timeline? </span></u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pre
Action cases</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If
no proceedings have been commenced yet, are we dealing with a Pre-action
protocol or the reasonable pre-action process? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Where
have we got to in the relevant pre-action procedure?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
comes next? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
are the ADR prospects? What might be an appropriate means of achieving
settlement?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Is
limitation close to expiring? Think carefully about the principles on accrual
of the cause of action. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Is
there any deferral of limitation possible (eg, S33 disapplication, S14 date of
knowledge, S14A latent damage…)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Where
proceedings have been commenced</span></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Are
proceedings on foot? [Knowing how the service rules work is fundamental.]</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
stages of the proceedings are we at? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
comes next? [Make sure you have a timeline in your head of how a case progresses
from Issue of the claim form through to Enforcement at the very end.]</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Step
3: problem solving</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
is the client’s problem (eg, urgent need to stop harm occurring, need more time
to serve claim form, need to know identity of tortfeasor, need documents from a
3<sup>rd</sup> party, the other side has withheld evidence...)</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Which
tool in the civil litigation toolkit might help? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Is
it available at this stage of the proceedings?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Step 4: assessing the procedural solution</span></u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
is the legal test? [Check rule, case law and practice direction].</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
are the procedural requirements? [Notice, evidence].</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">How
does the Overriding Objective apply to the facts of the case? [How much is at
stake, likely costs, complexity, time to be taken in trial, etc. ] Too many of
my students do not actually bother reading through Part 1 of the Civil
Procedure Rules, despite the fact it is the Overriding Objective – therefore
more important foundational principle in all of civil procedure. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
are the likely costs consequences?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Has
an application be made? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Any
possible cross application?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Are
there any issues relating to… which court, allocation, differences in procedure
between SC, FT, MT, CC, HC, Specialist court, SC applicable here? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Step 5: endgame thoughts</span></u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
happens post-application?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
happens post-trial?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
about appeals? Second appeals? Time limits for appeals? Legal test? </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
about costs?</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
about enforcement?</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Chronologies</span></span></b></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Many students are reluctant to draw up a quick chronology to help them answer a question. Often, being able to see the order of events clearly will help you ascertain the answer. <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Chronologies will help with questions relating to:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1. Service and validity of Claim form</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">2. Limitation</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">3. Strike out for non compliance with a rule, PD or order</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">4. Unless Orders </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">They can also help with questions which have a lot of information in them which is jumbled and out of sequence. <br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><b><u><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Final thoughts</span></u></b></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You
need to look at your problem question with an analytical eye, using your powers
of case analysis to find the right answer. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If
you just skim the facts and rush to answer, there are important factual clues
you might miss out on which should influence your answer. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Try
to use the system described above for every question you deal with; make this
system part of your thinking process. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
more natural it becomes, the less you need to remember each of the steps. They
will become part of your legal problem solving thinking, which will mean you
don’t have to consciously think through this process in the exam, it will have
become part of your thinking system. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Don’t
forget to cover all of the syllabus, and to be guided by the syllabus to
identify what you need to learn and what you can omit or skim. As always, I
advise you make full notes on everything you might be examined on. Make notes
so that they make sense to you. Handwritten is best, but computer notes if you
must. Research shows students remember more of what they write out by hand. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Good
luck with the civil litigation assessment. </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Snigdha Nag</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">December 2020</span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Mention"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Smart Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<![endif]-->Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-57788271838223625202020-11-11T09:48:00.001+00:002020-11-21T10:48:14.339+00:00The legal test in civil submissions<p><span style="font-family: arial;"><b>The legal test in civil submissions</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><b>Introduction</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">When
you are making an application in a procedural matter, there is always a “legal
test”. This is what the advocate must ensure they have fulfilled in order to
get the order they are seeking. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uK18abHQf8Q/X6lE3dNeB_I/AAAAAAAALfk/LD6eKS4AAp4LIVzNKhmrweLI2vNC_y3BgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1280/The%2Blegal%2Btest%2Bin%2Bcivil%2Bsubmissions.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uK18abHQf8Q/X6lE3dNeB_I/AAAAAAAALfk/LD6eKS4AAp4LIVzNKhmrweLI2vNC_y3BgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h225/The%2Blegal%2Btest%2Bin%2Bcivil%2Bsubmissions.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><p><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This
means you must:</span><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Meet the requirements which may be procedural,
time limit based, merit based, evidential or a combination of all of these<o:p></o:p></span></span><span style="font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;">. <span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This means you need to know: what are the
procedural requirements, when can an application be made, what is the level of
merit required to be demonstrated, do you have the forms of evidence required,
how does your evidence demonstrate the facts you wish to rely upon. </span> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;">What are the issues the court will be looking for when considering the facts and evidence in your
case. These are questions requiring detailed consideration, planning and possibly legal research. </span>
</p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You must also discharge the burden of proof for
the order sought.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><b>How
do I work out what the legal test is? </b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
starting place for civil cases is the Civil Procedure Rules. You need to look
up the relevant rule for the application you are making. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If
you are lucky, the rule will tell you what the court is looking for in order to
grant your order. These are what I call “useful rules”. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If
you are not so fortunate, then you will need to look somewhere else. This might
be: The Practice Direction to a particular rule, or the White Book commentary
(which summarises the case law). You are looking for information which tells
you either what the court is looking for, or the requirements for an order to
be made. Be careful when examining the wording, as the detail matters. Check of
the wording as clarified in the case law, too. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><b>Examples:
a useful rule and a not-so-useful rule</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Rule
6.15 for alternative service is an example of a useful rule. It tells you that
you need to show a “good reason” in order to get an order for alternative
service. It isn’t a perfect rule, because before you make an application under
this rule you need to have shown that you have made reasonable efforts to find
the Defendant’s current address, and you also need to show that the method of
alternative service you are proposing is likely to result in the Claimant
actually receiving the Claim Form. This information comes from elsewhere, which
is why the reminder to check the case law, the White Book commentary and the
Practice Direction for your relevant rule is all the more important. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">By
contrast Rule 7.6(2) for extending an already valid claim form, is not a useful
rule. It doesn’t tell you what you must show the court in order to get your
order. You need to read the White Book commentary at 7.6.2 to find out what the
court is looking for. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As
you progress through different submissions, look at the rules carefully and decide
if they are a useful rule or a not-so-useful rule. This will help you not only
for civil advocacy submissions, but also civil litigation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><b>Understanding
your legal test</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Once
you found the legal test, you need to work out what it means. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This can mean looking up case law to see what
guidance has been given on the meaning of the words in the rule or the PD. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">For
example, for setting aside a default judgment or obtaining summary judgment,
the court needs to look at whether there is a “real prospect of success”. But
is that a high or a low test? What is meant by “real”? Swain v Hillman [1999]
EWCA Civ 3053 says that “real” means “realistic as opposed to fanciful”. If
something is fanciful, it exists only in the imagination, it is imaginary, impractical,
whimsical. It isn’t realistic. That doesn’t mean that “real” means the case is
very strong, just that is has some reality to it. It’s therefore not a high
bar. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On
the other hand, to obtain an interim payment, you need to show that the
claimant “would obtain judgment for a substantial sum of money”. Let’s forget
the “substantial sum” part for now. What does “would obtain judgment” mean? It
means that the claimant would win at trial if we were using the document in
front of us today, or that the claimant can prove they would succeed on the
balance of probabilities on the papers they have put before the court. That is
a much more stringent test. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Remember,
the more stringent the test, the stronger your arguments must be, and the more
you need to persuade. You will need to put together arguments based on legal
principle, facts and evidence. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><b>Building
your arguments</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You
will then need to build your arguments to fulfil all of the elements of your
legal test. You will need to think about your client’s case. You will also need
to deal with your opponent’s case – you cannot ignore the other side has facts,
evidence and a set of arguments. You need to neutralise these.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: arial;">You
will need to think about which facts are in your client’s favour. You will need
to identify evidence which supports your client’s case. You will then start the
business of crafting your arguments. Crafting persuasive arguments will be the subject
of a future blog post. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">If you want to learn how to start your civil advocacy submission, you can find out how here: <a href="http://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2019/10/starting-your-civil-submission.html">http://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2019/10/starting-your-civil-submission.html</a></span></p>Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-36283640974738384722020-10-22T13:17:00.000+01:002020-10-22T13:17:59.465+01:00What to do in reading week<p><span style="font-family: arial;">This blog post is for students on the Bar Course. I am most aware of the course design of the BVS at City Law School. However, there should be general advice which applies to other providers. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U8buKlvoZQ4/X5F393IFB5I/AAAAAAAALd4/R1Va90SW6akwSJeTn1jFt4kYZpmtjnCjwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1280/What%2Bto%2Bdo%2Bin%2Breading%2Bweek.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U8buKlvoZQ4/X5F393IFB5I/AAAAAAAALd4/R1Va90SW6akwSJeTn1jFt4kYZpmtjnCjwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h225/What%2Bto%2Bdo%2Bin%2Breading%2Bweek.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <p></p><p><span style="font-family: arial;">The course has been going for seven weeks now, and you should be fully familiar with the Virtual Learning Environment (VLE), the modules you are currently studying and the overall course design. Well done for making it this far. It has not been easy. <br /></span></p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">I hope you will not mind me giving you some advice for
reading week? </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">I am going to suggest that you catch up on anything you have
fallen behind on in your skills. Once you have done that, I am going to suggest
you spend the majority of your time on the knowledge subjects. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">If you have not already done so, I strongly advise you to
start to make your revision notes. Ideally you shouldn’t have two sets of notes
– in course notes and revision notes. You should be trying to make a single set
of notes ready for when study leave starts.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">I am aware that if you are learning online, you will have a
great many learning materials online. Because everything is on the VLE, you can
convince yourself that there is no need to make any notes. But given the size
of each knowledge subject syllabus, you will have a lot of work to do in your
revision period to reacquaint yourself with these materials. You need to organise
the information in a way which means something to you, rather than rely on materials
created by someone else to achieve the best understanding. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">How should you make your revision notes for the knowledge subjects?
Do this by sorting out the information under headings from the syllabus (go
through the syllabus carefully, ticking off what you have covered in your
notes). Have it with you on the desk when you work. Always use the syllabus.
Cover any gaps you have missed. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Always double check which rules, PDs, and paragraphs are on
syllabus. Check which cases are on syllabus – download the judgment, make
bullet point notes about the main points made in the judgment and keep those
safely. You do not want to go back to reading the whole judgment in the revision
period – ensure your notes cover enough that you don’t need to revisit the judgment
text. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">I CANNOT say this enough, reading and re-reading through the
text book is never going to be enough for you to pass. Reading and re-reading
also gives a false sense of security – you feel familiar with the material, but
don’t actually retain the information. You will need to learn from a set
of your own notes. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">For civil litigation, use the Moodle podcasts and videos,
your notes from SGS, your reading from the White Book and APA Civil (Sime) to
make your notes. You ideally want all these different sources of information in
one set of notes. Be Civil by Virginia Dunn is also a great primer text. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">You will need several different note making techniques, as
no single one will be right for all of the information. Strip out the
detail you don't need - you don't need to know rule numbers, PD paragraph
numbers or any cases other than the 6 on civil litigation syllabus. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Try to shorten down the WB commentary to bullet points. Once
you have done this, you don’t need to worry about it again. All you will need
to do is revise from your notes. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">For criminal litigation, use the Moodle materials, Blackstone’s
Criminal Practice. It’s Criminal by Virginia Dunn is a very good primer text. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">For ADR, check the syllabus carefully, and make notes from
the Jackson e-book. Don’t forget you may need to check the PI Protocol, the PD
on Pre-Action conduct and the judgment in Halsey. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">For ethics, start with the Bar Standards Board (‘BSB’)
handbook. However, you will also have to refer to the Code for Crown
Prosecutors and the Farquharson guidelines. </span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Try where you can to draw up flow charts: <a href="http://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2015/03/go-with-flow-flowcharts.html">http://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2015/03/go-with-flow-flowcharts.html</a></span>
</p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">You will know I love diagrams - see which elements of the
information can be reduced into simple diagrams. It doesn’t matter if they are
silly!</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Record cards to test yourself are useful: <a href="http://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2015/03/for-record-record-cards.html">http://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2015/03/for-record-record-cards.html</a></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Comparison charts can help you quickly compare and contrast
things - eg Default judgment, summary judgment and setting aside default
judgment.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Think about using self-testing as a learning technique. You
can do something as simple as covering up your notes and seeing how much you
remember. Or you can go back over class questions, particularly the multiple
choice best answer questions from your previous classes. Self-testing will help
you train your recall and help you remember more. Students are generally scared
of testing themselves, because they are worried they won’t get all the answers
right. But you are testing yourself to train the recall process at this stage,
not to gain the pass mark. All the best quizzers (some who have won a million
pounds!!) test themselves constantly.</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Here is some food for thought on learning techniques which
are supported by educational research: <a href="https://theconversation.com/3-ways-to-study-better-according-to-cognitive-research-140230">https://theconversation.com/3-ways-to-study-better-according-to-cognitive-research-140230</a></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">You might want to read this blog post, written by Brian Mondoh
on how he succeeded in getting though the BPTC: <a href="https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2017/12/nuggets-of-wisdom-for-smashing-bptc.html">https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2017/12/nuggets-of-wisdom-for-smashing-bptc.html</a></span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">Please, try to catch up on your sleep. Do have at least one
day free of the BVS and law. Look after yourselves!</span></p><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><span style="font-family: arial;">
</span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: arial;">See you when we return in the week commencing 2 November
2020!</span></p>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-40324932123473296232020-07-29T14:36:00.001+01:002020-07-29T14:36:10.736+01:00Methodology matters<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This blog post is for LLM students writing their practice
focussed dissertation. Every dissertation, regardless of the field, has to
identify what kind of thinking and analysis the writer is employing. This is
what we call “Methodology”. </span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m3d7K0W7gYc/Xx7Ce75D-bI/AAAAAAAALZc/e6XKHnEbWKUo4lP3lLG-K8dmSBjQH81WACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Methodology%2Bmatters.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m3d7K0W7gYc/Xx7Ce75D-bI/AAAAAAAALZc/e6XKHnEbWKUo4lP3lLG-K8dmSBjQH81WACLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Methodology%2Bmatters.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If you were doing research involving participants such as more
formal quantitative and qualitative research, methodology is an earth
shatteringly important part of the work; a 15,000 word dissertation may need as
much as 2,500-3,000 words detailing and justifying the methods used and the
theoretical methodology. But you are lucky with a law-based practice focussed
dissertation which requires only paper based research. All you need to do is
write a few (2-4) paragraphs in the introduction to your dissertation on your
methodology. Don’t worry, I won’t say anything more about non-legal dissertations
in this blog post after this point. We will focus on law all the way from here
on!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Some students get confused and think the methodology is
describing what research you did and how you did it. That’s a small part of it,
but is not in itself enough. Methodology is more a question of what is the
underlying set of ideas used in your analysis – what Laura Lammasniemi
describes thus: “methodology can be described as methods and rules that are
used to analyse a particular field, or a particular procedure or set of
procedures. Methodology requires you to understand and write down what you are
researching and how.” To use an analogy, you find your sources and then you
have to read them and understand them. But how you see them and interpret them
depends on the colour of the sunglasses you are wearing when you are reading
through your sources. Or, if you like, the methodology is the “mindset” your
critical analysis of your sources will take. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There are a number of methodologies which lend themselves, not
only to a law dissertation, but particularly one relating to legal practice.
They are:</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Doctrinal</b> or “Black letter law” (sometimes known as legal
method)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Socio-legal method</b> (sometimes known as “law in action”)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Critical legal theory</b> (which could draw from critical race
theory, legal feminism, law and economics, postmodernism, post-colonial,
post-structuralist or the works of particular philosophers)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Comparative</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Theoretical</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Marxist </span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Feminist</b>/Feminist legal theory</span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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<![endif]--> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">There are other methodologies being used by legal academics
which are fascinating, such as more interdisciplinary methods. However, unless
you have a background in such study and your supervisor does too, I would
perhaps avoid this for a practice-based dissertation. Such study is for a full
research based Master’s degree. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Before you start writing your dissertation, you will need to
do two things:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Firstly, you need to choose a methodology which is
appropriate to both the topic studied and the title you have selected. The
title and the methodology have to be consistent with one another. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Secondly, you need to be able to describe the methodology,
and justify why it is appropriate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Many students are scared of doing this. But the methodology
is the foundation of the entire research project and more importantly, the piece
of writing which results from the research project. Without knowing the mindset
you are using, you could stray into analysis which does not fit the question
you have posed yourself to answer (your title). When, as children, we learn how
to put together a jigsaw puzzle, we quickly learn to find the corner pieces
first, and then the edge pieces and we construct the frame of the picture puzzle
we are making. Then we know what our boundaries are and what the scope of what
we are dealing with might be. This is similar to setting and understanding your
methodology. The "shape" of a dissertation under black letter doctrinal analysis will be different from that of a socio-legal analysis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Doctrinal or “Black letter law”</b> is the most likely
methodology you will use for a practice focussed dissertation. Mark Van Hoecke
gives a helpful overview of how legal research under doctrinal methodology
works, please see the reference below for further reading. You are allowed to
combine doctrinal analysis with another methodology. Lammasneimi suggests a
possible approach where “the early chapters often draw from blackletter
analysis, whereas the final chapters focus on reform or socio-legal analysis.”
Lammasneimi’s guidance on black letter law methodology in her book is well
worth reading, please see 8.2 Blackletter law methodology, in her book
recommended below. Terry Hutchinson’s chapter “Doctrinal research: researching
the jury” in Dawn Watkins and Mandy Burton’s book recommended below is also
helpful.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Socio-legal methodology</b> is often called “law in action”.
What it tries to do is examine the law not in isolation (as black letter law
method does), but looking at broader issues such as politics, society, the
population and how it divides into different groups, economics and/or the state
of the economy, or morality. You may well think about the political influence
on law, the effect of the state of the economy on the law, the effect of the
law on disadvantaged groups in society, and other related questions. Please see
Lammasneimi at 8.3 for guidance on what sources to use and suggestions of
possible titles. Fiona Cownie and Anthony Bradney’s chapter “Socio-legal studies:
A challenge to the doctrinal approach” in the Watkins and Burton book below gives
some definitions of the methodology, some guidance on research methods and the
featured examples of successful studies gives real food for thought. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The other methods I featured in my list above are all important
disciplines of study, which are greatly rewarding. However, I should offer a
warning that they may well be beyond the scope of a small scale dissertation
project focussing on professional legal practice. This is because when you use
these methodologies, you will need to have a grounding of some of the major
works in these fields of study. Your librarian can help you identify them. You
will need to ensure you cite these works in the dissertation to justify your
analysis of the law, but also feature them in your bibliography.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For guidance on <b>Critical legal theory</b>, please see Ian Ward’s
book, recommended below. As Chris Dent says in his article which compares doctrinal,
socio-legal and critical legal research: “In some<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ways, this is the most difficult of the three
methods because, to do it effectively, the researcher has<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to be very familiar with, if not an expert
in, both the area of law and the theory they want to use.” Dent’s article is
very helpful in showing the differences <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">in the three methods (he uses other
people’s studies to illustrate the main elements of each method in an effective
way), but he also shows how they can interplay in a single study. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<![endif]--><span style="line-height: 107%;">A
useful overview of Critical legal theory is available in Chapter 13 of Raymond
Wacks’ book recommended below.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Marxist or Feminist/Feminist legal theory</b> – you will need to
have a real familiarity of the key texts in Marxism or Feminism before you use
these methodologies. You will need to reference your insights into the law with
the concepts and principles of these key texts. Also, they are ideological
movements with different schools of thought, so you will have to select a
particular one for your analysis, or if you are using more than one school of
thought, you will need to be very clear about which you are using, and the differences
of viewpoint of each. Vanessa Munro’s chapter “The master’s tools: a feminist
approach to legal and lay decision making” in the Watkins and Burton book is a
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">In
addition, Chapter 14 of Raymond Wacks’ book is an accessible introduction into
Feminist theory. </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Comparative</b> – this involves comparing with other
jurisdiction/s. At City Law School, we limit the amount of comparative law
writing on the practice focussed LLM dissertation. I would always advise real
caution before using this method. It is fraught with difficulty. Firstly, the
other jurisdiction/s must be capable of valid comparison. Secondly, there is a
temptation to describe the law of the other jurisdiction/s, rather than
actually offering any form of comparison. Thirdly, you can quickly lose control
of the dissertation, which should focus on this jurisdiction. Without having studied
this method first, I would advise against using it for a practice focussed dissertation. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Further reading</b></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Laura Lammasniemi, <i>Law
Dissertations: A Step-By-Step Guide</i> (Routledge 2018)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mark Van Hoecke, Chapter
1. Legal Doctrine: Which Method(s) for What Kind of Discipline? In Van Hoecke M
(ed) <i>Methodologies of Legal Research: Which Kind of Method for What Kind of
Discipline?</i> (Hart Publishing) (2011)</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ian Ward, <i>Introduction
to Critical Legal Theory</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup> edition, 2004 Cavendish</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dawn Watkins and Mandy Burton, <i>Research Methods
In Law</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup> edition, 2018, Routledge</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Chris Dent, A Law Student-Oriented Taxonomy for
Research, in Law Review Wellington, 2017 </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black; line-height: 107%;">Raymond
Wacks, </span><i><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;">Understanding
Jurisprudence: An Introduction to Legal Theory</span></i><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"> (5th edn): Chapter 13 Critical Legal Theory, and Chapter 14
Feminist Theory. </span></span></span></div>
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Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-37927674493107572642020-02-14T10:55:00.003+00:002020-02-14T10:55:31.500+00:00LLM dissertation tips<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Students on the BPTC LLM are embarking on an adventure right
now. But before embarking on any journey, it is useful to know what to expect. It
is also useful to have some insider knowledge, too. This blog post collects together
some excellent advice and guidance from people who’ve made it through the process,
or help people through the process of research, analysis and writing. I would
like to thank my contributors, without whom this blog post would not exist. </span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2IPMaebRHOI/XkVY4SUDacI/AAAAAAAALJI/MpdkMWnACtQaOxBYHR-iSb9iBnHsXSXPACLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/LLM%2Bdissertation%2Btips.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2IPMaebRHOI/XkVY4SUDacI/AAAAAAAALJI/MpdkMWnACtQaOxBYHR-iSb9iBnHsXSXPACLcBGAsYHQ/s640/LLM%2Bdissertation%2Btips.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Andy Horton, legal librarian at BPP, and research whizz gave
this advice about the research process, which is the most important foundation
of the entire project. </span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“Found a good source? Look at the sources it uses.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Look for the gaps - you aren't looking for sources that
exactly map onto your topic, you're looking for spaces. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Keep track of your sources - what they tell you, who wrote
them, where they are located.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Try alternative keywords, use synonyms - you'll find more
material if you don't limit yourself. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Where your research will fit in the existing literature?</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Who? (Who wrote this?) </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Why? (is it biased, does it have an agenda?)</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When? (Is it up-to-date? Outdated but significant?)</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Where? (Where was it published? You'll need to cite it)</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">What? (What did I learn from it?)</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Talk to your librarians.”</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Students who do not score well on the final dissertation
often have not researched widely enough into the academic consideration (in the
journals and other books) of their chosen topic, relying on Google rather than
Google Scholar and the library catalogue. As result, they don’t have enough
evidence for their conclusions or have not identified all the argument and
debate occurring on a given legal topic. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Claire Bradley’s advice is:</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“Have a concise, narrow and focused research question, start
your literature review as soon as the research question is approved, work
steadily, don't leave everything to the last minute, plan and review regularly,
keep every sentence to 25 words or less, work with your supervisor.”</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I have had so many discussions with students about their
research question. So many are reluctant to commit to a clear question in their
title. A question must be answered, and usually with analysis. Any other title
invites description and padding. The literature review is a very time-consuming
process, so Claire’s advice to get started on it as soon as the title is
settled is very helpful. Not to mention the fact that once you know the
question you have posed for yourself, your reading should be with the purpose
of answering that question. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bernard Richmond QC’s 11 rules are, I think, golden.
Although I am aware that at City Law School, you cannot choose your BPTC LLM
supervisor. </span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“1. Know WHAT you are trying to research (set parameters)
and keep it as narrow as you can, do you can be thorough.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2. Know WHY you want to write about this subject. Helps you to focus. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3. Make sure that you can actually make a dissertation of
it, not just an article.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">4. Plan the research carefully. Don’t just go where the next
article or case takes you although be prepared to amend your plan if you find
something which you don’t expect.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">5. Be determined from the start to “communicate” your ideas
to the reader rather than just “get it done”.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">6. Remember you want to keep their attention for a much
longer period than an essay.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">7. Analyse don’t just describe. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">8. Don’t be afraid to comment on what you’ve read but make
all comments evidence based. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">9. Structure logically.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">10. Reach a conclusion.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">11. Choose supervisor wisely.”</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Wise words from Bernard who is a seasoned practitioner,
highly experienced advocate and legal author.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Gregor Schwayer advised against losing your momentum and to
keep working, even if little and often: </span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“General advice: Never take long breaks. Better to
constantly do a tiny little bit than one day realise that you completely lost
the grasp of where you wanted to go with it.”</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I agree with this, because l<span class="css-901oao">osing the
thread of your thoughts is a terrible thing. You can forget many of the ideas
you had, or avenues you wanted to explore. It can take a lot of re-reading and
thinking time to get back in the swing. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="css-901oao">One challenge with a longer project requiring extended work and time is staying focussed. Suzanne Reece,
The Study Coach had this to say: </span></span></span></div>
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<i>“When you start to research your LLM it is easy to be
overwhelmed by the amount of material out there. This journey can sometimes
seem like a bike ride or a marathon without a finish line.</i></div>
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<i>For each chapter, record or write down the one key question
that chapter is going to address. Put the question somewhere where you can see
it. As you progress with your research, keep looking at this question. At the
end of your research time can you answer the question?</i></div>
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<i>Yes, job done! Time to move on to your next chapter. Repeat
the exercise for your next chapter.”</i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="css-901oao">Using a title question has been mentioned above. But another thing to consider is taking that question title and splitting it up into sub-questions. Looking to answer one sub-question per chapter of the dissertation is a way of maintaining direction and focus in both your research and your writing.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hafsah Hussain, who has just successfully completed her BPTC
LLM said</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“I found it easier to plan my structure on paper instead of
typing. Allocate rough word counts for sections. I wrote a very basic first
chapter by hand to pull together the different bullet point ideas I had. When
typing the draft up I moved paragraphs around, added headings and formatted. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Instead of being cooped up in my room or the library, I
would work on a chapter in a cafe or the park to give my mind space to wander.
This can often spring an interesting idea! </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Make a detailed note of your supervisions and keep your
supervisor updated on your progress. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Good luck!”</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Combining pen and paper work with computer work can be a very
effective way of working. You might get an interesting idea in the middle of the
night. Do you really want to boot up your laptop to capture it? Or would it be
easier to jot it down? Also, pen and paper allows for recording and capturing
non-linear information. We do not think in paragraphs of text alone! Think
about diagrams, flowcharts, timelines, pictures. Finding different ways of
thinking about your subject matter can help you improve your critical analysis.
Being able to get inspiration from different surroundings is a way of keeping
your mind and your work fresh. You will be working on your dissertation for a
long time, so you will want to keep yourself inspired and energised. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">An anonymous student of mine had the following advice:</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“In 2017, my supervisor Nikki Walsh told me ‘Bear in mind
that the person reading and marking your work could be a complete stranger to
the subject matter. You are telling them something new. Keep them interested
and curious to read more’. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Her words are still very relevant. It might not work for
everyone, but it certainly did for me. I felt motivated to really look into and
do some quality research on the subject. In my case it was Closed Material
Procedures. The more I learned about them, the more excited I was about telling
people about it. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I think from the feedback I eventually got (when I got my
final results) was that having a wide range of sources was another factor that
played in my favour (something else that Nikki had advised to do). Not being
limited to case law or academic journals and instead showing that not only was I
conversant with law and the commentary around it (academic stuff) but I was
also on top of seeing how the subject matter was talked about politically or
otherwise (i.e. media, parliamentary committee reports, debates in Hansard etc).
Essentially, trying to engage with the subject matter from a variety of angles. </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">And finally, to go back to the initial advice, one should be
writing as a qualified lawyer and NOT simply as a student. A lawyer who has
done his or her research on a complex subject and being able to share that
knowledge in a simple and yet exciting manner (keep the reader interested - be
excited to tell what you know). </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">It’s possible to do really well on it IF you do quality
research. The more you enjoy your research, the more you will enjoy writing it.”</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The dissertation will be marked not just on its academic rigour,
but its originality and quality. So being able to communicate with the reader
and encourage curiosity is important. The subject matter of the dissertation
has to matter to the reader. Developing an academic writing style is a key skill
of the dissertation research and writing process. Reading journals will not
only help you with your literature review and give you your raw materials, but
it will help you identify elements of good academic writing. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Work on your title, finalise your title, think about your
methodology (and commit to a justifiable one) and then start the research. The
writing comes later, once you have surveyed the literature and formed a view on
the answer to your question and subquestions. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Good luck to all of the students starting their research
project and dissertation adventure!</span></span></div>
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Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-60439902945473125802019-11-11T16:21:00.001+00:002019-11-11T16:21:08.175+00:005 steps to take when you haven't passed an exam <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R4eh7RVNyUc/XcmKL6AucAI/AAAAAAAAK-U/Jh7WrfO_GnMnmjrd1W24GBQPjVgurvNYwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/5%2Bsteps%2Bto%2Btake%2Bwhen%2Byou%2Bhaven%2527t%2Bpassed%2Ban%2Bexam.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="486" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R4eh7RVNyUc/XcmKL6AucAI/AAAAAAAAK-U/Jh7WrfO_GnMnmjrd1W24GBQPjVgurvNYwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/5%2Bsteps%2Bto%2Btake%2Bwhen%2Byou%2Bhaven%2527t%2Bpassed%2Ban%2Bexam.png" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Made with Venngage. Originally posted here: </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://infograph.venngage.com/ps/R3MTiJfWMqg/" target="_blank"> https://infograph.venngage.com/ps/R3MTiJfWMqg/ </a></span></div>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-47431456260251094772019-10-30T12:39:00.002+00:002020-11-21T10:49:00.473+00:00Starting your civil submission<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MP7-gtYVR8c/Xahxvp7ZqBI/AAAAAAAAK4w/_1-6cQBF25QVePLWIi4Vpr6jtw8C7n27wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Starting%2Byour%2Bcivil%2Bsubmission.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MP7-gtYVR8c/Xahxvp7ZqBI/AAAAAAAAK4w/_1-6cQBF25QVePLWIi4Vpr6jtw8C7n27wCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Starting%2Byour%2Bcivil%2Bsubmission.jpg" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">Civil submissions involve bundles, skeleton arguments, Civil Procedure Rules, case law, and arguments which need to encompass facts, evidence and legal principles. The advocate has to juggle their White Book, their papers, their skeleton argument and other notes, and bring all these things together in a piece of living, breathing, dynamic, advocacy. That is a big ask. But spare a thought for the judge! Real life judges have many applications to hear in a session, which means they have probably only skim read the skeletons and papers. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">This means that they need the guidance of the advocates. And this has to start from the very first words spoken. <i>The introduction is important</i>. It helps the judge ensure they have everything they need to deal with the hearing, it shows the judge you know what you are doing, and it sets up your whole submission to follow. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">Too many students neglect the introductory parts of their submission, either because they are in too much of a rush to get to their best points, or because they have not thought about the logical steps the judge needs to be taken through to set up the submission to be performed. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;"><b>The Applicant goes first</b>, and their introduction needs to cover the following: </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TPpVRYUVZlk/XahxyNDmZmI/AAAAAAAAK40/2DqQwslL3YcS7ZhP8Wggi_SkFlCYYjrngCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Applicant.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TPpVRYUVZlk/XahxyNDmZmI/AAAAAAAAK40/2DqQwslL3YcS7ZhP8Wggi_SkFlCYYjrngCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Applicant.jpg" width="640" /></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">Please, do not wish the judge "good morning" or "good afternoon" unless the judge does so first. It can come across as either unprofessional or overly familiar. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">You then need to <b>introduce yourself, your opponent and say what you application is for</b>. Because you need to introduce your opponent, you will need to know their family name. Barristers refer to their opponent as "my learned friend". We tend to refer to our opponents as "Mr X" or "Miss Y", rather than use their given names. Things are likely to change now that "Mx" is a title for non-gender conforming people, so do remember to ask your opponent for their title and family name. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">Please use "my learned friend" for other members of the Bar, and please, use this for solicitor opponents too. The days of barristers belittling solicitors belong in the past. Besides, if you do a good job, your solicitor opponent might even want to instruct you in the future, so why alienate them? As Lady Hale told the BACFI Students Night on 22nd October "I would recommend anyone thinking of going to the Bar to work in a Solicitor's firm. You will get a tremendous respect for what they do.... Don't think of them [the two legal professions] as being in silos; they are not."</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">I make the suggestion that you <b>check the judge has all the papers</b>, because if judges start a hearing and realise something is missing, they get rather upset. In fact, they get very cross indeed. I have been burned by cross judges in my professional life. It isn't nice. Remember, the applicant's counsel is essentially setting up the whole hearing. Don't just deal with your own side's papers. You need to be even handed. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">A <b>summary of the facts</b> is a useful opportunity to put your application in a context and perhaps to give the judge an steer of what the dispute is all about. Some students think this is not a necessary part of the submission, but that is not your decision to make. Give your summary and let the judge move you on if they feel it isn't needed. It is a skill to be able to boil down a legal dispute into a few sentences of most salient facts. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">When dealing with <b>the legal test</b>, you will need to do some legal research at the preparation stage - are the requirements or principles in the rule, the practice direction or the case law? Make sure you know the exact source. Think about principles like the court's discretion and the burden and standard of proof. Please use your White Book and if necessary, use case law authorities. You should also think about taking the judge to the <b>Application Notice</b> and/or the <b>Draft Order</b>. The judge needs to know what you are asking for in precise terms.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">A summary of what all the issues the Applicant wishes to raise is helpful as it gives the judge an indication of what they need to turn their mind to and in which order those matters will be raised. <b>Give the judge a list of the Applicant's issues verbally, or list in the skeleton argument and cross refer</b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">Start your submissions, remembering to cross reference with your skeleton argument from time to time. The judge will be trying to keep up with you, in dealing with the facts, evidence and argument. That means the judge might lose their place in your skeleton argument. Everything you do should be to help the judge understand and follow your submissions. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">Think about the arguments your opponent either might make or you know they will make. Try to pre-empt them and neutralise them in your own submissions. That way, when the opponent does make those points, it will be on the back foot. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;"><b>After the Applicant, comes the Respondent. </b>But that does not mean that the Respondent's representative looks out of the window or checks their email whilst the Applicant's representative is performing. You need to be alert and listening. You want to think about whether there are any arguments raised that you can respond to. Write them down and plan your arguments in rebuttal as your opponent is performing. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">Much of the ground work will already be done by the Applicant in setting up the application. So you only need to do a few mandatory things, and the rest is <b>mopping up things which your opponent has not done</b>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> </span></span><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DHYIDgQB-Zw/Xahx2cqu75I/AAAAAAAAK44/0hFQvprxZYwEFO6jSl8siEsJV7qfoeQ8QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Respondent.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DHYIDgQB-Zw/Xahx2cqu75I/AAAAAAAAK44/0hFQvprxZYwEFO6jSl8siEsJV7qfoeQ8QCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Respondent.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;"><b>Thanking your learned friend for their submissions </b>is a matter of professional courtesy. Formality, politeness and professionalisms are important values in the legal professions. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">When thinking about which facts or legal principles to introduce, ask yourself what the judge needs to know before you get into your arguments. <b>What pieces of background factual or legal knowledge are essential?</b> For example, if your opponent has failed to mention the burden and standard of proof and you feel that the Applicant's evidence is weak and disputed by strong evidence for the Respondent, then it would be helpful to introduce this at the start. It can then be something you highlight in the main submissions when needed. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">During your performance, you should try to present some arguments in rebuttal to those raised by your opponent. Don't let the fact you go second allow them to gain an advantage by raising arguments which are not challenged. If you possibly can, try to anticipate their arguments in advance and plan out rebuttals before you get to court (or the advocacy classroom).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">Setting up your submissions will help them run smoothly, which will give you confidence and help your advocacy flow. <b>If you need a checklist, make one.</b> But make sure you cover all the introductory and housekeeping matters in this blog post and you will be performing helpful and well structured submissions in your civil advocacy sessions. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;">Good luck! </span></span></div><div style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><span style="font-family: arial;">The next stage in the process of preparing civil submissions is thinking about the Legal Test. You can find out more about this here: <a href="https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-legal-test-in-civil-submissions.html">https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2020/11/the-legal-test-in-civil-submissions.html</a></span></span></span></div>
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Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-708976064552035402019-05-15T16:07:00.000+01:002019-05-15T16:07:00.982+01:00No Pupillage? What next? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The pupillage offers have been sent out, and you find that
despite your best efforts, you did not secure pupillage. It’s easy to get upset.
It’s easy to think there’s no point trying again. </span></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I don’t agree. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OxHjA0eTw2I/XNwq7eeiFaI/AAAAAAAAKoM/yLdmN1_U614UOEGiWekiYIqjShdf0kN_gCLcBGAs/s1600/NoPupillageWhatNext.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="804" data-original-width="1084" height="296" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-OxHjA0eTw2I/XNwq7eeiFaI/AAAAAAAAKoM/yLdmN1_U614UOEGiWekiYIqjShdf0kN_gCLcBGAs/s400/NoPupillageWhatNext.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">First things first. You need to come to terms emotionally
with not getting what you want. Rejection can be difficult to take. I
understand that. Don’t force yourself to be positive straight away. Feel angry,
feel sad. Tell your close friends and family about how you feel. Get it out.
Work through those feelings, and don’t bury them. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Then think about what you are going to do before the next
round of pupillage applications. What experience, what activities on your CV, what
work can you get to help enhance your chances next time. If you need to get
help from tutors, pupillage advisers, your Inn, your careers advisers, do that.
But don’t wait around, start this process as soon as you can. The next round
will re-open faster than you think. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I asked my brilliant former BPTC students what you should do
next if you didn’t manage to get pupillage this year. As ever, they didn’t
disappoint. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sophia Stapleton, who is now in practice at 2 Dr Johnson's
Buildings is a BPTC success story. She is not only in practice, but she won the
2016 ICLR Pupillage Award for a pupil in chambers doing primarily publicly
funded work. She writes about how she stayed motivated during her search for
pupillage here: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.iclr.co.uk/blog/legal-profession/pupillage-applications-surviving-rejection/">https://www.iclr.co.uk/blog/legal-profession/pupillage-applications-surviving-rejection/</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I would endorse all of Sophia’s advice. I think making a
bank of potential interview questions is a fantastic tip I’ve not seen
elsewhere. One to take on board. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kate Riekstina shows how persistence and self-reflection can
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“I applied 3 years in a row and every year I reflected on my
applications, and pursued a different job to fill the holes in my applications.
I worked in prison, completed an LLM and worked for a solicitors firm.</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">My advice would be to reflect on what’s missing. There is no
point of continuing in the same job if it’s not going to add anything to your
applications. I also think you need something that’ll make you stand out. For
me that was working in the prison. But anything that would grab the attention
of the reader would benefit the applicant.”</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Nobody likes being overlooked. The idea of rejection is
something which is very hard to take. So I understand for some people coming to
terms with not getting pupillage is hard. But I absolutely agree that some form
of personal reflection is needed, to work out how to improve your chances
later. But that reflection should be genuine and focussed on improving your CV,
your applications, your interview technique. It shouldn’t be beating yourself
up and sinking into negative thoughts. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If you are going to reflect on your past round of
applications, you might need a little bit of help to get started. Getting feedback
with help you work out which areas you need to work on. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jo Moore suggests: </span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“Most chambers will be more than happy to give feedback,
even if they don't advertise as such. I often drop an email to an unsuccessful
applicant who wants some tips, and have telephoned them or met them for coffee
before too. Particularly if you have a dream chambers, there's nothing to lose by
asking what they were looking for and how you can improve. It also shows
dedication and a will to improve.”</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I didn’t realise chambers would be willing to provide this
kind of feedback, I will confess. So I am particularly grateful to Jo for making
me aware of this possibility. This shows how important it is to talk to people
who have been through the process to learn what you can about what to do next time. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Study coach, mentor, Solicitor and former BPTC tutor Suzanne
Reece says: </span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“Chambers are looking for someone that has personality and
can connect with potential clients. Look at what makes you unique and play to
this. Brush up on your social media/blogging skills and show your connections,
communities and links.”</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Students often forget that Barristers work with people.
Their clients are people, judges are people, juries are people. So connecting
and communicating are key attributes. One can become too preoccupied with perfecting
the content of their answers to interview questions and one’s application form,
forgetting that human element. Clients want a barrister who is human. Fellow
barristers want to share their chambers environment with a human. Blogging is a
very good idea, and some of our best students, current and former, have been
involved in writing blogs or guest blogs about the law, legal procedure or
their study experience. I would say this ties in with having good outward
facing professional social media accounts. </span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“If they are interested in crime or family: Get a job as a
Trainee Legal Adviser at HMCTS! Experience of live cases, a knowledge of
practice and procedure which they will NOT get from the BPTC unless something
radical has changed with the syllabus...</span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A successful legal adviser needs a quick mind, ability to
problem-solve, good legal knowledge and rapid research and assimilation skills.
Finally, you have to be able to explain complex legal concepts to people who
often have limited understanding, whether that’s unrepresented defendants,
witnesses, magistrates or the odd advocate!”</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Richard’s advice is excellent; sometimes we focus too much
on mini-pupillage and outdoor clerking as means of expanding our legal work
experience. Actually, doing something that keeps your procedural knowledge
alive and keeps you in touch with what happens in everyday practice is very
important. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lady-Gené Waszkewitz has advice on your applications, the
need for help from others, and the need to be constructively critical about
your application: </span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">“I think my advice would be like most others: re-read your
application again and again and again. I applied twice and my first
applications are actually quite bad compared to the one that finally got me
Pupillage. I wasn’t being clear as to WHY I wanted to be a barrister, or join
their chambers, or liked their practice area. It sounded nice but didn't say
much. The second year I made sure to get as many people as possible to read my
application. Not just friends and family as the year before but I used the
services at City and Lincoln's, which made a huge difference in the kind of
feedback I got. Another difference was the additional work experience I had
gained and was able to add to my application. I had done a great internship at
the ECCC before applying the second time. I had other internships under my belt
already, and I'm not sure it was the most relevant to the chambers I'm now
joining, but I'm sure it was a talking point. I was able to talk about the
skills I gained, but also about what it took to secure and fund that unpaid
internship. Unlike in the UK, I couldn't just waitress in the evenings to cover
living expenses.....blah blah blah I'm waffling. I hope this helps. Be
relevant, be reflected and don't just rely on your Mum to read your application
:)”</span></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I think people just "check" the form for spelling
and grammar rather than actually checking what it reads like - so very good
advice. Understanding what your experiences have helped you develop as skills
is also important. Too many people think their experience is just a
"passive" thing they went through, rather than a learning process.
Identifying the skills and where you got them is important.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And finally, I would recommend this fabulous website from Beheshteh
Engineer and Simon Myerson QC: <span> </span><a href="https://pupillageandhowtogetit.com/">https://pupillageandhowtogetit.com/</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span></span>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Thank you to my contributors for all their thoughtful and
helpful comments. I am eternally grateful for your help to my current students!</span></span></i></div>
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Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-11538836699731259622019-02-07T17:01:00.001+00:002019-02-07T17:01:20.897+00:00Mental Health at the Bar - The Truth Behind the Mask - A guest post by Brian Mondoh<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="normal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I am delighted to be able to host a new guest post from UK barrister and Trainee Attorney-at-Law of Trinidad and Tobago, Brian Mondoh. Brian was Called to the Bar in 2017, after completing the BPTC with an overall Very Competent. Therefore he is very well placed to share his thoughts for new practitioners, Pupils and BPTC students. </span></i></span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Brian Mondoh - guest post author</span></td></tr>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I think the mental health of law students and lawyers is something we are only just becoming aware of as an issue. As society's attitudes are changing, we are becoming much more enlightened about understanding anxiety, having empathy for those suffering from depression and breaking the taboo or stigma of having mental health issues. </span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Of course, there are experts in the field of mental health, and if you are suffering from mental health issues, it is important to get the right kind of assistance and care. I would urge anyone suffering from stress, anxiety, depression, addiction or other issues to seek appropriate help. </span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">However, "self care" can go a long way. Brian's post is candid, insightful and I hope, of great help to you. </span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For emotional support you can contact:</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Samaritans (Call 116 123 - a free number which does not show up on phone bills)</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">SANEline (Call 0300 304 7000)</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Papyrus HOPEline UK (for young people under 35 struggling with self-harm or suicidal feelings) (Call 0800 068 4141)</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">CALM (Campaign against living miserably - working to prevent male suicide in the UK) (Call 0808 802 5858)</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN"><i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FRANK drugs advice (Call 0300 123 6600)</span></i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN">Mental Health at the Bar: The Truth Behind the Mask!</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN">Life at the Bar, can I
think, best be compared to a theatrical performance! Just like actors,
barristers are ever so good at putting on faces, hiding their true feelings and
emotions, and shutting out any weak persona. Despite the brave and confident
outlook, barristers may in fact be facing high levels of stress and anxiety,
undergoing depression and/or even ‘hooked’ on abusive substances. Whether at
Bar school or in practise, life at the Bar is a seriously tough job and
requires mental fortitude and emotional robustness, not to forget, a strong
support system! This could either be from family and friends and/or
professional support.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O-q6H0Q5JwU/XFw-BdELAlI/AAAAAAAAKdk/WUg2QfAPJusGoGZH2S0JNsjNviqC1n6RwCLcBGAs/s1600/Mental%2BHealth%2Bat%2Bthe%2BBar%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="620" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O-q6H0Q5JwU/XFw-BdELAlI/AAAAAAAAKdk/WUg2QfAPJusGoGZH2S0JNsjNviqC1n6RwCLcBGAs/s400/Mental%2BHealth%2Bat%2Bthe%2BBar%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #1f1f1f; mso-highlight: white;">As a Bar student, one quickly realises
that being on top of his/her academic and assessments workload is not even half
the battle! Many, if not all, Bar students are incredibly intelligent, and this
means that nearly everyone’s CV looks the same during pupillage and work applications!
The real test then, at least for me, was to keep on top of my workload but at
the same time being actively involved in several other extracurricular
activities in order to stand out from the crowd when making applications. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1EtZvEdVns0/XFw-LpgcYII/AAAAAAAAKdw/0nl3rNrf3nwayQziSCIwlCNHv0Tv-nouQCLcBGAs/s1600/Mental%2BHealth%2Bat%2Bthe%2BBar%2B%25284%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="630" data-original-width="1200" height="210" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1EtZvEdVns0/XFw-LpgcYII/AAAAAAAAKdw/0nl3rNrf3nwayQziSCIwlCNHv0Tv-nouQCLcBGAs/s400/Mental%2BHealth%2Bat%2Bthe%2BBar%2B%25284%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN">The pressure of, among other
things, undertaking mini-pupillages, participating in moots, ‘marshalling’/shadowing
several judges at the courts, undertaking pro bono casework with the Free
Representation Unit, attending the 12 mandatory qualifying sessions at my Inn
of Court in London made up the other half! Although overly demanding, this
experience was a useful learning point, as it taught me the importance of
realistic decision making, t<span style="background: white; color: #1f1f1f; mso-highlight: white;">ime management and not overextending my capabilities. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN">In retrospect, I can
confidently say that Bar School was a good benchmark for getting a feel of life
in practise, because if anything, the demands at the Bar are much more
heightened! <span style="background: #FCFCFC; color: #222222;">There is the time
commitment, the pressure to deliver and the endless reading of sheer volumes of
case files and research.</span> Consequently, <span style="background: white; color: #1f1f1f; mso-highlight: white;">long study and research hours, often
pulling ‘all-nighters’, even on holidays and weekends means that social time
with friends and family is gravely sacrificed, thus, adding on to one’s
loneliness! </span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-okxIQk4EhqQ/XFw-QYR0wVI/AAAAAAAAKd0/6Wb4e8Jkgm0XV5dfJyV2_wVCUpxEW4_KQCLcBGAs/s1600/Mental%2BHealth%2Bat%2Bthe%2BBar%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="830" data-original-width="1200" height="276" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-okxIQk4EhqQ/XFw-QYR0wVI/AAAAAAAAKd0/6Wb4e8Jkgm0XV5dfJyV2_wVCUpxEW4_KQCLcBGAs/s400/Mental%2BHealth%2Bat%2Bthe%2BBar%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #1f1f1f; mso-highlight: white;">I must confess that I succumbed to
depression on several occasions at Bar School because I, like others in my
cohort, felt like nobody understood our everyday frustrations and/or the
constant and unforgiving pressure that we were going through! I, particularly,
felt completely despondent and overwhelmed by the level of coursework and
extracurricular activities that I had to manage. I only overcame this slump
after seeking professional help and undergoing a significant period of therapy,
which helped me to manage my expectations and to play to my personal strengths.
In this respect, I strongly advise aspiring barristers to reach out and confide
in someone whom they trust and who readily listens. It does not have to be a
professional counsellor. At the end of the day, an objective listening ear will
be of significant help and can make a huge difference in one’s life!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN">In sum, <span style="color: #1f1f1f;">the issue of mental health can no longer be ignored!
Despite varying cultural and religious attitudes towards the matter, it must be
acknowledged and tackled head on! This means that every person experiencing mental
health issues, barristers included, must admit and address their issues. Bar
Schools, offices, law firms and chambers need to be supportive and helpful,
which starts by encouraging a healthy work/personal life balance, flexible
working hours and providing counselling support amongst other things as ways of
enhancing professional performance!</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #1f1f1f;">Author: Brian Sanya Mondoh</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: #1f1f1f;">Qualified as a Barrister (England and Wales), Trainee
Attorney-at-Law (Trinidad and Tobago)</span></span><span lang="EN"></span></div>
</div>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-17178037645734934622019-01-21T16:02:00.002+00:002019-01-21T16:02:39.652+00:00Procrastination – the enemy of students<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I’ve recently been asked how can students motivate
themselves in order to revise for exams. Revision isn’t like changing a habit,
which requires reprogramming yourself to form a habit and from that habit (and
its positive results) comes the motivation. So I don’t think much of the advice
which applies to habit forming (exercising more, eating or drinking less)
applies. I wonder whether with revision we have to look at the problem from the
other side – rather than look at how to motivate students, to look at what
prevents students from working. I think it is that old enemy of students, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>procrastination, which is the key to the
conundrum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-caOB2hAILaI/XEXtDOzKkNI/AAAAAAAAKbA/zT7Avm2kopYjnMxmWiVmuCFruxesmyGowCLcBGAs/s1600/Procrastination%2Bthe%2Benemy%2Bof%2Bstudents%2Btitle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1092" data-original-width="1492" height="292" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-caOB2hAILaI/XEXtDOzKkNI/AAAAAAAAKbA/zT7Avm2kopYjnMxmWiVmuCFruxesmyGowCLcBGAs/s400/Procrastination%2Bthe%2Benemy%2Bof%2Bstudents%2Btitle.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To combat procrastination, it will help to recognise the
causes of procrastination. There are several. You need to think about yourself
to work out which of these causes apply to you. This will take a certain level
of honest self-evaluation. Be prepared to be honest with yourself.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">LIES AND DAMNED LIES – THE PROCRASTINATION MYTHS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We lie to ourselves more often than we like to admit. In
fact, I’m procrastinating right now, writing this rather than doing my drafting
formal feedback marking. This task is certainly going to be useful to students.
But it isn’t essential to me to do it and it isn’t urgent. I’ve been telling
myself writing this won’t take me longer than about an hour. So I have already
fallen victim to a number of the great procrastination lies. Let’s have a look
at what they are.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>“I’m not yet ready to revise, because….”</i> – this is the lie
you tell yourself in many forms. I can’t revise because classes haven’t
finished. I can’t start because study leave hasn’t started. I can’t start
because I haven’t made all my notes. I can’t start because I have other work to
do. Revision does not have to be an “all day” task. Half an hour here, an hour
there, in between other tasks is fine. You don’t need to be able to block out
whole weeks to start the revision process. On the bus or train on the way to
Uni is a good start.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>“I’m not in the right mood/I’m not in the revision zone”</i> –
by the time you feel the sense of panic which will force you to your desk, the
chances are it will be too late. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3IDfNlzD7pk/XEXr1ZvahCI/AAAAAAAAKas/YU6x_3ul1qMbLgcy__Eli3fwrt3Zx2EowCLcBGAs/s1600/Procrastination%2Bthe%2Benemy%2Bof%2Bstudents%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="403" data-original-width="298" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3IDfNlzD7pk/XEXr1ZvahCI/AAAAAAAAKas/YU6x_3ul1qMbLgcy__Eli3fwrt3Zx2EowCLcBGAs/s400/Procrastination%2Bthe%2Benemy%2Bof%2Bstudents%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="295" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>“I have lots of time to do my task”</i> – this is the lie you
tell yourself that the exams are months away so there is no need to start your
revision. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>“I work better under pressure”</i> – you honestly don’t. What
happens when you feel under pressure is that you panic. You fear the
consequences of doing nothing (not handing in your essay, not passing your
exam) and that suddenly shakes you out of your lethargy. But you generally are
not working as effectively or with the concentration or focus you need. You are
solely working because of your fear. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7lxhSc0Nafs/XEXr1enA8FI/AAAAAAAAKaw/f6gaZHR2O1EQgS9zWLBQ5UVNW_XflxH6wCLcBGAs/s1600/Procrastination%2Bthe%2Benemy%2Bof%2Bstudents%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="719" data-original-width="500" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7lxhSc0Nafs/XEXr1enA8FI/AAAAAAAAKaw/f6gaZHR2O1EQgS9zWLBQ5UVNW_XflxH6wCLcBGAs/s400/Procrastination%2Bthe%2Benemy%2Bof%2Bstudents%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="277" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>“I’m just too busy to start revising now”</i> – are you keeping
yourself busy with unimportant tasks as a means of avoiding revising? Be honest…. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">FEAR AND LOATHING – WHAT ARE YOU AFRAID OF?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There are many fears which cause procrastination. Some of
them will surprise you….</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fear of failure.</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fear of success.</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fear of what others will think of you.</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fear of too large a task.</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fear of too difficult a task.</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fear of not knowing how to begin.</span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fear of the blank page. </span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></i><div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Fear of having to make decisions. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">These fears are unlikely to be well founded or rational. Challenge
them. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What are you afraid of and is it actually worse than not
passing your exam/s?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></b><div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">WE SHALL OVERCOME – BEATING PROCRASTINATION</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Break the fear of the blank page by getting something on
that page</i>. Even if it is just a heading. Or a couple of bullet points. If I
have a letter or email I am dreading writing, I start with the heading and the
ending. That way the top and tail are written. Then I can see some of it is
already on the page. The task </span></div>
<br />
feels more manageable and I feel better about
tackling the rest.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Start with something easy</i>. We like immediate rewards. That
is why smartphone games and social media are so addictive. It is the instant
gratification of getting a “like” or moving up to the next level which releases
dopamine, the pleasure chemical. If you complete a small task, you will feel
that little buzz which can help you keep going.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Try to inject fun into the process</i>. Make up games or fun
ways to learn. The more pleasure you feel, the more you will want to do. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Split up a subject into small topics</i>. Don’t think of the
subject as a huge monolith. This will stop you feeling overwhelmed. It will
also make the next step easier. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Incentivise yourself with rewards</i>. Whenever you complete
dealing with a topic, give yourself a treat (WhatApp call to friends/family, a
walk, a game, time on social media, a snack…). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Avoid distractions</i>. Whatever is your pet distraction, admit
to it and do what you can to minimise its effect on you.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Think about using the Pomodoro technique to increase your
focus and help you avoid distractions</i>. See this previous blog post for more details: <a href="http://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2016/01/getting-through-bptc-with-pomodoro.html" target="_blank">http://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2016/01/getting-through-bptc-with-pomodoro.html</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Think about using reminders</i> – via a diary/online scheduler.
Set yourself mini-deadlines – by which you will have covered X topics for the
first time, etc. Set them up so you don’t have to remember them and they appear
either as emails or reminders on your phone or computer. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If you need deadlines
to push you, then create the deadlines for yourself and tell yourself you mean
them. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I hope that this will help you overcome your
procrastination. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And now, back to that drafting marking!</span></div>
</div>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-12364986669733986132018-11-08T09:22:00.001+00:002018-11-08T09:22:43.214+00:00Law Essay 101<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Law Essay 101: the basics of how to write a law essay</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If you’re new to studying law, you will find yourself
writing essays right from the start of the course. The reading will already be
daunting, and if you don’t understand how law is different from other subjects
at university, you might be feeling some fear at this point. But don’t worry,
take a deep breath and work at your essay in a systematic way. I hope this blog
post will help. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Look carefully at your essay question. Make sure you
understand it before you start reading, notetaking and researching. </span><br />
</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-o3a2eqPZmbk/W-MQjVHATRI/AAAAAAAAKXk/HnuAS8oAySov_ie7nvGpS101i-dUf4H5wCLcBGAs/s1600/LawEssay101%2B%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="1145" height="222" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-o3a2eqPZmbk/W-MQjVHATRI/AAAAAAAAKXk/HnuAS8oAySov_ie7nvGpS101i-dUf4H5wCLcBGAs/s400/LawEssay101%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Don’t ever do any reading without a clear purpose. WHY are
you reading whichever text is in front of you? What are you looking for? Always
take notes when reading. If you read something without taking notes intending
to come back to the reading to take notes later, you might find you run out of
time. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Think about what you consider the answer to the question is
likely to be. This will help you with your introduction. If you find writing the
introduction difficult, you can always do this last. Or do your best right now and
revise it later. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Your introduction should introduce the area of law briefly,
define the question and comment briefly on what you will be discussing and
concluding. Some people say that you set out your “thesis” – in other words,
the argument you will be making – YOUR answer to the question. This helps the
reader and the marker know what to expect from your work.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The body of the essay will have to deal with a number of
issues and arguments. Where you can, try to make these “flow” so that connected
ideas are put next to each other. Although expect there to be some issues which
aren’t going to be part of that flow – that’s fine. You are aiming to be thorough,
so don’t leave out important issues just because you think the flow of your
essay is being interrupted. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">You need to consider what the competing views and competing
arguments are. You cannot be one sided. You will need to write about arguments
and counter-arguments. Give argument and counter argument separate paragraphs. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When you are thinking about arguments and counter arguments –
try to identify what the debates are and who is initiating them – for example, differing
judge’s opinions, different legal academics/commentators/writers with
conflicting views, competing interests, political debates, law commission
reviews of the law, campaign and pressure groups. In criminal law there is a
clash between people who represent defendants (those who are accused of crimes
who should be treated as innocent until proven guilty) and those who represent
victims of crimes. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">You may need to show the context of the legal issue; how the
law in the area developed and changed (which can be linked to historical
events, changes of attitudes, social reform, protest and campaigning); whether
there are policy considerations at work. Public policy considerations can be
moral, practical or political – you need to describe them and evaluate them –
whilst considering their influence on the law. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Generally, don’t write about different themes or topics in
the same paragraph, it makes your written work confusing to read and
understand. It can also cause you to lose your thread, as you try to grapple
with two ideas at the same time. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1njD2grWsGA/W-MQkdOq7jI/AAAAAAAAKXs/YuGo75CJ3SEcHBNJ5YB23k9SPi5dbM5EwCLcBGAs/s1600/LawEssay101%2B%25282%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1njD2grWsGA/W-MQkdOq7jI/AAAAAAAAKXs/YuGo75CJ3SEcHBNJ5YB23k9SPi5dbM5EwCLcBGAs/s400/LawEssay101%2B%25282%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Remember that you need to “prove” your arguments with the “evidence”
– your readings from case law, statute, and legal commentators. You can’t just
say what you think without justifying it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When you write about cases, remember that it is the
principle of law in the case which is most important. The reasons for the decision
(the rule of law on which the decision is based) is the most important thing –
it is called the Ratio Decidendi. The Obiter Dicta (a judge's expression of
opinion uttered in court or in a written judgement, but not essential to the
decision and therefore not legally binding as a precedent) are a good source of
counter arguments in a law essay, but because they aren’t legally binding
precedents, are not as weighty. Dissenting judgments are also good sources of
counter arguments. Whilst the facts can be interesting and partly relevant, you
don’t say too much about the facts – the principles of law are key.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Try to be persuasive in your writing. You should try and
write formally. No contractions, don’t write sentences that begin “I think”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bring everything together in your conclusion. Make sure the
conclusion is consistent with the introduction. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Don't forget to proofread before you hand in. Don't rely
solely on the spell checker. I wrote an essay about recklessness once (part of
criminal law). There is a famous case called Chief Constable of Avon and
Somerset Constabulary v Shimmen (1986) 84 Cr App R 7 where someone tries to
show off their Kung Fu skills. He thinks he can demonstrate a flying kick, stopping
short before disaster (hitting a shop front). I wrote about him smashing a
plate glass “widow” because the spell check couldn’t tell the difference
between a window and widow; it doesn’t know or understand context, all it does
is look for correctly spelled words in the dictionary!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NLmkxhP4ogw/W-MQkAndf_I/AAAAAAAAKXo/OyWjFIz86MIzjEt9liONHmcvTOeu2A2zACLcBGAs/s1600/LawEssay101%2B%25283%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="1600" height="182" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NLmkxhP4ogw/W-MQkAndf_I/AAAAAAAAKXo/OyWjFIz86MIzjEt9liONHmcvTOeu2A2zACLcBGAs/s400/LawEssay101%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The most important way in which you can avoid getting in
trouble with plagiarism is to ensure anything which is taken from a source you
have read is put in quotation marks. This means that while you are making your
notes for your essay, you are making sure you keep the details of what your
source is. Whilst you are making your notes for your essay, you might want to
use a different font or colour for your own ideas, to keep them separate.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Here is a definition of plagiarism: <a href="https://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-plagiarism">https://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-plagiarism</a></span>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As you can see, taking notes where it is no longer clear
what comes from your reading and what comes from your own ideas can fall into
plagiarism. That's why starting with good notes for your essay is important.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When you are reading, you will need to note down certain
information.</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For cases:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The full case name</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The citation</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The name of the judge</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If using quotes – the paragraph number of the
judgement</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For statute:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The full name of the statute and the year</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The section number</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The wording of the provision</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For books:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The name of the author(s)/organisation</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Full title</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Year published</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Edition, if relevant</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Name of the publisher</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For electronic materials, the URL (website
address) for the webpage or DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and the date it was
accessed</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The system used in law for referencing is called OSCOLA. It
means that you use reference numbers in superscript with footnotes for your
sources. You will need to learn how to insert references using your word
processing software. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Here is an example of what the referencing looks like: <a href="https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/english-legal-system/criticisms-of-english-legal-system.php">https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/english-legal-system/criticisms-of-english-legal-system.php</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">For how you write the references, depending on your source,
here is a quick guide to OSCOLA referencing: <a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012quickreferenceguide.pdf">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012quickreferenceguide.pdf</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Good luck with your law essays!</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span>
</div>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-25594877303373519812018-10-01T09:56:00.001+01:002021-09-17T15:27:14.987+01:0010 BPTC knowledge subject tips<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">This blog post has been expanded and updated for the new Bar Courses (BVS, BTC and BPC), here: <a href="https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2021/09/10-bar-course-knowledge-subject-tips.html">https://snigsclassroom.blogspot.com/2021/09/10-bar-course-knowledge-subject-tips.html</a></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">1. Always
<b>use the syllabus</b>. The syllabus will tell you what you need to know - and in
what level of detail - as well as what you don't need to know. Never make
assumptions - always check the syllabus. This may mean you may need to teach yourself topics which cannot be covered fully in classes. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-E_uAcrqxdR8/W5Pki3PtZCI/AAAAAAAAKSY/0EdScnsKXb4RGuHlEtcyg2J_0hl_M1RYwCLcBGAs/s1600/10TipsKnowledgeBPTC%2B%25283%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="575" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-E_uAcrqxdR8/W5Pki3PtZCI/AAAAAAAAKSY/0EdScnsKXb4RGuHlEtcyg2J_0hl_M1RYwCLcBGAs/s320/10TipsKnowledgeBPTC%2B%25283%2529.jpg" width="278" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">2. <b>Begin
with understanding</b> each topic. Trying to learn something thoroughly without
understanding it, is almost impossible. If that means you start with lecture
notes, textbooks, revision guides, that is fine.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">3. Once
you have that understanding, you can start to <b>drill down into the detail</b>. You
will need to look at the specific wording of certain rules and provisions. Now
is when you need to crack open your Blackstones and White Book.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">
</span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MEWBRHWM4NM/W5PkiwscrvI/AAAAAAAAKSQ/HTqt9AwTTbkpRAZnci6bsa8ve5EXwBT0QCLcBGAs/s1600/10TipsKnowledgeBPTC%2B%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MEWBRHWM4NM/W5PkiwscrvI/AAAAAAAAKSQ/HTqt9AwTTbkpRAZnci6bsa8ve5EXwBT0QCLcBGAs/s320/10TipsKnowledgeBPTC%2B%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">4. Do not
cut any corners. There are <b>no quick fixes</b>. You need to cover everything. You
then will need to revise everything. My favourite topic might never come up; I
am not writing the exam paper! </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">5. <b>Make
your own notes</b>. They will help you make your own sense of the material. EVEN IF
your provider gives you handouts, slides etc. They can help you with your
understanding. But because you have not organised the information yourself, it
will not "stick" as well. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">6.
Ideally, make your own notes in <b>handwriting</b>. Research has shown that the link
to memory from writing is better than with typing. I call it "pen
memory". Look up the research paper "The Pen is Mightier than the Keyboard" (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014) if you are sceptical. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">7.<b> Form a
study group from the outset</b>. Supporting each other, learning from each other's
insights are important. We are also social animals. It is good not to feel
alone. Covering the material with a group can help lessen the load - divide the
topics between you. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IZRjbmAmeZ8/W5Pkjdedw8I/AAAAAAAAKSc/rvcvJAYSqpYVxbOQTi68Rmi1g8jEDcSwACLcBGAs/s1600/10TipsKnowledgeBPTC%2B%25284%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IZRjbmAmeZ8/W5Pkjdedw8I/AAAAAAAAKSc/rvcvJAYSqpYVxbOQTi68Rmi1g8jEDcSwACLcBGAs/s320/10TipsKnowledgeBPTC%2B%25284%2529.jpg" width="259" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">8. Think
about the questions you are being asked to answer in class. What <b>facts</b> are
being used in the question? Why these particular clues? What are the <b>clues</b> in the question to <b>trigger the
relevant knowledge</b>? What sub-questions do you need to know the answers to in
order to be able to answer the main question?</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">9. <b>Test
yourself regularly</b>. Testing helps train the brain's recall. A "test"
doesn't always have to have the purpose of obtaining a pass mark - training
your brain is just as useful. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">
</span></span><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">10. <b>Start
as you mean to go on</b>. Keep up as well as you can. If you fall behind, try to
catch up. Don't leave making your full set of notes to the last minute. Don't
leave trying to understand the subject matter to the revision period. </span></span></div>
<br />
<br /></div>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-1588195553356926662018-02-14T10:45:00.000+00:002018-02-14T10:45:03.876+00:00Ethics How to pass from former BPTC students<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ethics is a feared exam on the BPTC. Being a centrally set
assessment, providers cannot anticipate the type of questions to come up.
Further, because the exam is in SAQ format, with a fixed marking scheme, the
answers given must comply with the marking scheme points. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2eZPzUUjVmQ/WnW_XmlSxTI/AAAAAAAAJqs/hCHmXZgZ1EwD8MlsM0txPc4WOyxtXd8awCLcBGAs/s1600/Ethics%2Btitle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="952" height="258" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-2eZPzUUjVmQ/WnW_XmlSxTI/AAAAAAAAJqs/hCHmXZgZ1EwD8MlsM0txPc4WOyxtXd8awCLcBGAs/s400/Ethics%2Btitle.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The former BPTC students, having survived the process were,
as ever, ready to share their experience and advice to help you make through
this very difficult BPTC assessment. As always, I am unbelievably grateful to
my contributors for their insights and willingness to help my current students.
The City Law School alumni are awesome people, whose help is very much
appreciated by me. Thank you, everyone!</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Please make sure you finish reading this blog post right
down to the bottom, as my final contribution is a revision plan worth
following!</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The most common theme is the importance of knowing the core
duties, verbatim. This advice came up in several times, with different reasons
and techniques being suggested for both remembering them and for exam technique.
</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tanzim Ahmed said this: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“The
10 core duties are the most important, especially for SAQs. It’s very essential
to refer the relevant core duties in every SAQ!”</i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Eloise Turnnidge echoes that advice, adding some useful
revision techniques for students to her helpful advice: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Personally, I wrote out the core duties so many times. If you’re stuck
for an answer, you’ll be able to cite at least one (and often two or three)
core duties as being applicable. Other than that, the usual revision techniques
should stand you in good stead. Flash cards, multiple colours, etc. Writing
things out repetitively has always been the best way for me.”</i></span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nicola Augousti made sure she had memory triggers to help
her recall, an ingenious tip: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I wrote
out all of the duties in 'trigger word' form and memorised them. I summarised
the guidance with bullet points. I also studied the answers to mock papers
because it helped me to structure my answers.”</i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Careful focus on the core duties has paid off for former
student Brendon La Touche: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“My approach
was to memorize all the core rules under the major headings and apply a
'machine gun' approach in the exam. i.e. I put down all the answers I deemed
applicable to the issue as ethics rules are dynamic and can be transferable to
other issues. worked for me. got a VC.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Deepti Bismohun adds that understanding the prioritisation
of the duties is vital: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I think one
should absolutely learn to identify the "red flags" i.e. know the
fundamental duties that you cannot breach and which ones take precedence over
the other in case of conflicting duties. Well, it worked for me!”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Lauren Le Franc advocated making use of "dead
time", particularly when travelling, along with use of the full text of
the Professional Ethics: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Read the
additional guidance. Learn all the core duties and rules and apply to the
question. Download the app, this helped me revise on the tube.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hesh Kumar (in his first contribution to this post) says: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I don’t know how the new exams work, but I
found knowing the core duties inside and out can get you through any ethical
situation. The most reassuring thing I found about ethics was, once you know
and understand the core duties, your instincts are usually pretty spot on, and
it’s just a matter of showing your thinking as you go through.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Learn your core duties so that you have an idea for the kind
of issues you need to have a sensitivity for. Then look carefully at the facts
in your scenario, and trust your instincts that the ethical concerns you have
are going to be the right ones. The idea of “showing your thinking” is a
powerful one, make sure your answers achieve this aim. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Clearly, identifying which part of the factual scenario
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Charlie Merrett puts it like this: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“You really do get marks for repeating the relevant facts in the
questions. Between identifying the core duties that are engaged and the
aforementioned facts, you'll already be scoring a surprising amount of marks.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Make sure you have shown which facts relate to which factual
dilemmas, so the examiner knows you have worked out what is relevant, what is
not and how they relate to the principles of ethics. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kevin Lim brings these ideas together with his advice: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I found format to be very relevant. The
style taught at City is simple, but it allows the examiner to see that the
student understands what is the issue, which rule is engaged, and what is the
appropriate course of action. It must be understood what an answer needs all 3
of these points in order to score the marks.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In order to
communicate this to the examiner, students must: firstly, know what the rules
are, and to that end memorisation of all the rules is important. I read the
textbook front to back 2 times in order the get a firm understanding of the rules
(not all at once, of course; over the span of 2-3 weeks), but different people
have different opinions on this. Students must also take into account what
stage they are at in the question (e.g, is this during trial, before trial,
outside of court, etc.) and as such need to have a working understanding of
civil and criminal procedure.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lastly, an issue may
have several rules engaged simultaneously (e.g, the common question about a
client lying will involve rules regarding honesty, confidentiality, civil procedure,
process of stepping down etc.). Repeating relevant facts in answers is
completely normal.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hesh Kumar reminds students that there is no “quick fix”,
spending time on the reading and studying is essential. He says: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“There is absolutely no substitute for
reading the BSB handbook. The textbooks etc will help, but you MUST go through
the relevant parts of the handbook. It would be like doing Civil Litigation without
touching the White Book or Criminal litigation without an Archbold or Blackstones! Whether you
use the app or a paper based approach is definitely about personal preference.
I am a big advocate of paper, something about flicking through it, knowing how
many pages between each rule, writing on it, but many, many people tell me they
prefer electronically. The important thing is to find what works for you.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Another theme which featured strongly in my former students’
contributions is the importance of practicing questions, trying to do as many
SAQ practice questions as possible and regular self-testing. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Kita L. Deveaux says: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“SAQ
mocks are essential for getting a good feel of the types of questions. Complete
the questions in a group setting mark them and the discuss within the group
sometimes talking with your peers will help you look at a question in a way
that wouldn't have normally. The mark scheme for pass questions will also show
what the examiners look for.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I would endorse Kita’s advice about working with fellow
students. Well disciplined peer learning is always a great way to learn.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Pal Krisnaveni puts it this way: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“My advice will be to practise all the SAQs as often as you can and it
is essential that you time yourself while you do the SAQs as time will go
really quickly in exams and it is helpful to practise the SAQs under time
pressure.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I have always felt that not enough students take the
opportunity to practice as much as possible. Students fear ethics and therefore
avoid it, which, whilst understandable, is a bad, bad, idea! Confronting and
thereby conquering the subject in the way Pal suggests is, to me, the right way
of going about it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sammy Campbell draws these points together and echoes Hesh’s
“no quick fix” approach:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “Go through each
chapter of the textbook, make detailed notes on the rules and memorize. Super
important to do as many SAQ's as possible to get a feel for what the examiners
want.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A very innovative, but extremely astute tip comes from Shajib
Mahmood: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Going through the past
disciplinary tribunal findings found on BSB web-site really helped me a lot
with my understanding of the subject overall.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Seeing how the BSB actually apply their own rules is going
to help you understand the rules and their purpose. It is like reading a
leading judge’s judgement – you see the reasoning and application explained for
you. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ferdousi Kabir Helaly took a pragmatic approach: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“I believe that learning the whole book from
A to Z is not going to help. In an exam situation, to pick and drop in the
answer in only 2 hours is going to be extremely difficult for an average
student like me. I have only solved a lot of questions and learnt the duties,
guidance and outcomes as I went through them. The exam paper was, as I
remember, mostly based on practical difficulties and facts rather in a robotic
or theoretical manner.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I personally would say that not studying the Professional
Ethics manual and the Code of Conduct carefully is quite a risk. But it is
clear Ferdousi learned the guidance through practice questions and self
testing. I would not read this advice as a suggestion to forgo the reading and
revision required of you.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ali Khan was philosophical, theorising about why students
feel so threatened by the study of legal ethics: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Aside from all the wisdom above I would also say don’t take it
personally. It’s a simple process of doing what you can to get confidence in
jumping the hoop. Something about ethics makes a surprising number of students
feel like it’s examining their own core values.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As you become a seasoned practitioner, the values of the
code become your own professional values, but to begin with it can be
difficult. Before one becomes cynical, it is easy to trust the client too much.
Experience teaches you the rules are there to protect you.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Shireen Cotto makes this point: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“My advice is become more interested in humanity and moral obligations.
I found it a breeze and got a VC with very little revision because it's in line
with my own morals. I did it the year it became centrally set too.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Understanding the consequences of your professional actions
for the client and others is vital. Hence I agree with Shireen that understanding
and appreciating your moral obligations in society as a lawyer is important.
What we do has a profound effect, not just on clients, but on how the rest of
society view lawyers and the legal profession. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Olivia Cork provides some novel advice: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Learning the core duties by heart is definitely essential and I would
do that right now. However, I found it easier to apply the duties to scenarios
that came up in other classes (particularly the criminal lit/evidence
seminars). You can usually think around any of the questions set for the
seminar work and practice identifying which core duties and rules etc they
might engage. It helps to think as you go along with ethics because it’s based
around practical examples and the answers are so formulaic in that you have to
mention particular words.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This is fascinating and astute advice; students don’t always
realise that their other subjects present ethical issues. I find that students
tend to think each subject belongs in a little box, all by itself. Trying to draw together the contexts will give you better oversight and make you a better lawyer in real life.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Laura Hollingbery took a highly effective systematic
approach: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“From the practice questions
available, I compiled a list of every ethical scenario imaginable. I then wrote
model bullet point answers with all relevant Core Duties, guidance, etc. and
more or less memorised each one. I had to resit Ethics, mainly because I ran
out of time in the exam. I managed to pass a second time using this technique...and
being more familiar with the Core Duties than my own family.”</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Daniel Herbert rounds off this post with his excellent
comments on his revision techniques and his exam advice:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">- Compile ALL of the
practice questions together from all of the seminars, lectures, powerpoints
etc. Attempt each one of the questions and then mark them. Read through the
answers. Repeat process until you get full marks for each questions.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">- If you haven't
written full detailed notes out, do so. Once you have your set of detailed
notes, keep rewriting them until you have a very basic set of notes. I found
that writing things down on paper helped me recall the information easier than
writing notes on a laptop.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">- Use colour
coordination in your notes. By using different colours, it was easier for me to
recall certain information. For example, on my notes I would use red for core
duties (or info you needed to know word for word), blue for information/explaining,
green for any cases etc. I replicated this format across all modules so when I
looked at my notes, certain parts stuck out. Also, if I wanted to skim read my
notes, I could skim read through the red and green. I believe this helped me to
recall information better when taking the exams.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">- Write up the 10
ethical "commandments" (core duties) on A4 paper, and large enough to
see from a distance, and put them up on a wall in your bedroom or a room you
spend a lot of time in. Test yourself when you can by trying to recite the core
duties in order without looking. Do this until you can recite all of the Core
Duties every day for a week without looking at them.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">- Write up parts of
the syllabus on A4 paper and stick them up around your house. When walking
around the house doing day to day things, like cooking, cleaning, having a bath,
etc., you can revise without needing to look at a book or a laptop.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">- I also distinctly
remember going into the ethics exam and the first thing I did when it started
was to write down all of the core duties at the back of the booklet. This was
just in case I got a memory block during the exam due to the stress and
pressure, and could not think of a core duty.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This is a brilliant step by step strategy, which I am very
grateful that Daniel was generous enough to share with you all.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Good luck to all of you taking ethics. Thank you so much to
all of my wonderful contributors. </span></div>
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Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-63653453497846624062017-12-13T17:13:00.002+00:002017-12-13T17:13:37.131+00:00Nuggets of wisdom for smashing the BPTC - Brian Mondoh guest post<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dear Students,</span></i><br />
<br />
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I am delighted to present to you a guest post from a first time Very Competent BPTC student, Brian Mondoh. Brian was called to the Bar just last month after successfully completing the BPTC. </span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i>
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<i><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AeEMZjU0BYA/WjE-vOFNsiI/AAAAAAAAJlE/zc9LN1fIBbQjF_1ArkIx_h226fIWLOYLACLcBGAs/s1600/Smashing%2Bthe%2BBPTC%2B%25286%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="894" data-original-width="1600" height="222" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AeEMZjU0BYA/WjE-vOFNsiI/AAAAAAAAJlE/zc9LN1fIBbQjF_1ArkIx_h226fIWLOYLACLcBGAs/s400/Smashing%2Bthe%2BBPTC%2B%25286%2529.JPG" width="400" /></a></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Brian wanted to reach out to you to share his tips and tricks for "Smashing the BPTC". His approach is excellent, because it encompasses time management, study skills and active learning. He recognised the need for using more than one technique and approach to covering the material and revising. He used different techniques depending on the subject matter and its inherent complexity or technicality. </span></i><br />
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<i><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R8MrRcGoxHM/WjE7Ond4paI/AAAAAAAAJj8/ZKxzWINGD-YmQTIFbcT_k4pmOzs-pXqzQCLcBGAs/s1600/Brian%2BMondoh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="820" height="398" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-R8MrRcGoxHM/WjE7Ond4paI/AAAAAAAAJj8/ZKxzWINGD-YmQTIFbcT_k4pmOzs-pXqzQCLcBGAs/s400/Brian%2BMondoh.jpg" width="400" /></a></i></div>
<br />
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What is most interesting is that Brian used self-testing to improve his recall. It is a proven technique, but one students are scared of using. Students often don't want to test themselves, as they are frightened of not knowing all the answers. Brian realised that the act of rehearsing the information frequently, helped it stick. </span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i>
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I will leave you to read his practical, achievable and superb advice. If you follow his advice, I am sure you will make it through. And you will know that you have Brian to thank. If you wish to follow Brian on Twitter, you will find him at @dvjmobi.</span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></i>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>I would like to offer my most sincere and deep thanks to Brian for this fantastic guest blog post. </i></span><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">“Nuggets
of Wisdom for Smashing your BPTC”</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">The
Bar Professional Training Course (‘BPTC’) is undeniably the most difficult
postgraduate course ever designed in England and Wales. It requires sound
advocacy skills, memorising copious amounts of information and being expected
to know loads of things before your tutors teach you. During interactions with
practitioners and tutors, you will come to see that they share your concerns,
but it might take several years before a more effective system of Bar
assessment is designed. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">BPTC
students undoubtedly experience high levels of stress and anxiety, to some
extent depression and often feel overwhelmed, sad, lonely and lost. Trust me,
no one outside the Bar profession will ever understand this feeling (emphasis).
In light of this, at some point in or about November last year, I quit trying
to explain my experiences on the BPTC to my friends and relatives because no
sort of explanation or illustration would get them to understand my frustrations
and so trying to get them to apprehend just got me overly irritated and upset.
It is, for these reasons that I am writing this article to share my techniques
for ‘smashing the bar’ on a first sitting! Some precautionary comments, my
advice focuses on the three Central Exam Board (‘CEB’) papers i.e. Ethics,
Civil Litigation and Criminal Litigation. Please do not take my advice word for
word as some techniques may vary individually. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">ETHICS</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">At
the time of writing, you will be some two or three months away from the Ethics
assessment. For a BPTC student, that is frighteningly soon! If you are keen
about goings-on on the BPTC, you ought to have conducted your research and
established that the Ethics assessment in 2016/17 had serious clerical errors
and consequently, it had to be re-checked. Unfortunately, the re-check had
little or no effect on the unexpectedly high fail rate across all BPTC
providers. The Ethics assessment is the most dynamic paper and needs a proper
grasp. It is the easiest to pass if you get to grips with the syllabus but at
the same time the easiest to fail if you underestimate it. My approach to the
Ethics paper was based more on exam technique than knowledge. Nevertheless, you
will need to know the Bar Standards Board (‘BSB’) handbook, the Code for Crown
Prosecutors and the Farquharson guidelines backwards. The examiner will
challenge your brain with technical points and nuances. To scoop marks you will
be required to recite Core Duties (‘CDs’) verbatim, Conduct Rules (‘RCs’), Guidance
to core duties (‘GCs’) and Outcomes (‘OCs’) amongst other things all in the
space of two hours. In addition, the examiner will be marking you on grammar
and legible handwriting, as the new syllabus consists of six Short Answer
Questions (SAQs). </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">One may
find it helpful to use multiple memory aids and learning techniques in
preparation for the Ethics assessment. For instance, I had the ten CDs set as
wallpapers on my phone and iPad. I made it a habit to skim through the CDs
whenever I accessed my gadgets and kept reciting them in a bid to commit them
to memory. Alongside this, I created storyboards in my head during my commute
to and from school. For example, each bus stop on my route had a CD and
relevant RCs, GCs and OCs attached to it. As a result, I could picture a bus
stop and a floodgate of information would stream out. In the weeks running up
to the exam, I drew mind maps and flow charts to illustrate my ‘bus commute’. I
also kept discussing the revision material with my mates and as a result we
ended up teaching each other. Two weeks before the exam and thanks to making
friends from other providers, I was doing past papers and SGS questions from
other providers under ‘exam-strict’ timed conditions. Please note principles in
the Ethics assessment do not change. The ‘Cab Rank Rule’, for example, will
forever be the same, the trick is in the application of your knowledge to
various problem questions. In my view, if, Ethics was a three-hour exam, it
would possibly be the easiest exam on the BPTC but the examiner knows that.
Therefore, strictly time yourself while revising and be flexible in applying
the ethical principles. In conclusion, you cannot 'question spot' the Ethics
paper. It needs precision and sound judgment to enable you understand the question,
weigh out the correct number of CDs, RCs, GCs and OCs etc. to apply to an SAQ
without waffling and/or wasting time.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">CIVIL LITIGATION AND CRIMINAL LITIGATION</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">These
two assessments can easily be termed as the most dreaded on the BPTC. Firstly,
because of the 50 examinable topics on the syllabus split between the two i.e.
22 in Civil litigation and 28 in Criminal litigation. Secondly, the volume of
pinpointed reading and long inundating text of the practitioner texts. Thirdly,
the nightmare of answering 75 'Single Best Answer' questions in each
assessment. For starters, if you have not yet developed a working relationship
with the White Book Civil Procedure (‘the Whitebook’) and Blackstones Criminal
Procedure (‘Blackstones’), you had better start the relationship sooner than
later. As a precaution, past students or those who pass the assessments on
first sitting will 'blag' about how they made it without using the practitioner
texts. My advice; do not buy into the lies. In my year, the BSB set questions
word for word based on White Book and Blackstones commentary. For instance, you
will not find <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Norwich Pharmacal</i> Orders
anywhere else other than in the White Book's commentary or thorough case explanation
for Criminal legal principles if not in Blackstones. The assessments are designed
to test aspiring practitioners and as a result, it is an obvious fact that the
syllabus and/or indicative reading will be based on the two. You just have to
eat it, live it and love it! Detailed supplements can be Stuart Sime's <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">'A Practical Approach to Civil Procedure'</i>
and City Law School's Criminal Litigation Manual. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">I
stuck by these books for the majority of the year. However, as a quick and
cheeky memory fix, I used some reputable revision books to commit the voluminous
information to memory. To reduce last minute drag and excessive anxiety, try to
have your notes well ready before the Christmas break. Spend quality time
revising the syllabuses and creating memory aids before the exam window. For
Civil and Criminal litigation, I studied in different rooms everyday, I color
coded my notes and recorded voice notes. I also made flow charts and discussed
with my tutors and law students outside of the BPTC. I was fuelled by fear!!!
Simply put, do whatever that works for you! Unlike on the LLB or GDL, you
cannot cover the Bar syllabus two weeks prior to exams! Please note; Civil
Procedure Rules (‘CPR’) tie in with your Opinion Writing (‘OPW’), Drafting, Resolution
of Disputes Out of Court (‘RDOC’) and Civil Advocacy. Maximise your class prep
and do your own work!!! Criminal Procedure Rules (‘CrimPR’) especially on
dreaded topics like 'Bad Character evidence and Hearsay evidence' tie in with
your Conference and Criminal Advocacy. Do your level best to get the fuller
picture of procedure earlier on in the course. Similar to Ethics, do as many
past papers and SGS questions as you can. Do not ‘question spot’ as all topics
are interlinked. In conclusion, be on the lookout for BPTC syllabus updates. In
my year, we had a December 2016 and February 2017 update and the Civil Appeal's
regime was also updated in or about October 2016.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">TIME MANAGEMENT</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Few
BPTC students will need this reminder. The BPTC is pressure filled and one lazy
day is likely to spill over and affect at least two weeks of your workload. As
an aspiring Barrister, you have to keep your eye on the ball and work far into
the night to get the job done. I would say to every BPTC student, get the ‘Pomodoro/Apple
timer’. It literally changed my life!!! I got this advice from a Barrister and
law tutor that I follow on twitter and it was the best gift ever. The Pomodoro
timer keeps you focused by completely shutting out distractions and breaking
study time into short and productive intervals of 25 minutes with five minute
breaks and a long 25 minute break after one hour of study. It enables you to do
more and maximize on dead time and/or constrained time frames. I started off in
February 2017 at 16 Pomodoro's a day, that's an equivalent of eight study hours
a day. When starting off it’s a bit of a strain but you quickly get the hang of
it. Come March 2017, I was doing 20 Pomodoro's a day i.e.10 study hours a day,
seven days a week!!! I cannot fully express the benefits of the Pomodoro as I
am still using it in my post BPTC work.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">CONCLUSION</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">It is
hardly necessary to emphasise the importance of teamwork and camaraderie on the
BPTC. Your previous qualification, be it LLM, LLB or GDL and your previous
university has little or no bearing on your BPTC performance. It takes nothing
away from you to have humility and to be nice to others in your cohort. Also,
it may be easier said than done, always be positive, look after your health and
avoid burn out!!! Finally, the BPTC is not all gloom and doom. Not only will you
gain an invaluable set of skills, you will become an individual with a switched
on mindset and exceptional professional conduct.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Brian
Sanya Mondoh</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Grade:
Very Competent</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Called
to the Bar at Lincoln’s Inn, 2017</span></div>
</div>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-58618414785672340492017-12-08T12:04:00.001+00:002017-12-08T12:04:25.468+00:00Resits - your step by step plan to pass<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Getting the news that you have not passed a course and face the prospect of a re-sit can be a terrible shock. Your hopes and dreams feel more distant, perhaps out of reach. Your planned career trajectory seems off course. But to linger on these thoughts and feelings would be a mistake. What you need to do is re-group, review, and get ready to make a plan for making it next time. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">You will have had a few weeks to get over the shock of getting disappointing results, so now is a good time to begin the planning for your next sitting. </span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nVeMZff4qwk/WgcFoQieN5I/AAAAAAAAJZ0/tTfmSZw5B0Egp7yovUG3SDW3lcRn5qDigCLcBGAs/s1600/Resits.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="624" height="307" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nVeMZff4qwk/WgcFoQieN5I/AAAAAAAAJZ0/tTfmSZw5B0Egp7yovUG3SDW3lcRn5qDigCLcBGAs/s400/Resits.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
1. Don't feel ashamed or angry with yourself. Forgive yourself. Not passing an assessment doesn't make you a failure. It just means you didn't get there this time. You can
and will make it through next round if you are prepared to put these results behind
you and take active steps to pass next time. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br />
2. If you missed out by a narrow margin, don't beat yourself up about
the "missed marks". You can choose to feel bad about missing out, which will achieve nothing (nobody can add the marks to your score, so this is nothing but wasted mental energy). The other choice is to see the positive side of the situation. You have very little ground to
make up next time; it shows you how<span class="m_9052178614958792611text_exposed_show"> possible your future success is!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="m_9052178614958792611text_exposed_show"><br />
3. If you need help and support, ask for it. Whether that means advice from either a tutor or a fellow student, ask away. The BPTC is tough and many students don't pass first time. There is no shame in not making it through. If you need a
friendly ear, lean on your friends and family, as you may need help to deal with the emotional impact of disappointing results. If you think you need tutoring or to start working with other people in the same
situation as you, don't be shy. Don't leave it late to seek support or
assistance; you diminish your chances. Work out when your next attempts are and start now. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kZMqqqd7Pjc/WgcGiCuU_tI/AAAAAAAAJaE/KoHYdX7IX6w83-MBA6-MQ7nuXN_GY_l0gCLcBGAs/s1600/Resits%2B-%2Breview%2Band%2Blearn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="918" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-kZMqqqd7Pjc/WgcGiCuU_tI/AAAAAAAAJaE/KoHYdX7IX6w83-MBA6-MQ7nuXN_GY_l0gCLcBGAs/s400/Resits%2B-%2Breview%2Band%2Blearn.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="m_9052178614958792611text_exposed_show"><br />
4. If you failed a skill, think about what feedback you have been given both on the assessment in question and on the course. Do the same things come up from time to time? How can you address these persistent issues?
Work on understanding what you need to put right next time. If you need
to go back to the manuals, do that straight away. There's no harm in
re-acquainting yourself. You may also find that your experience gives you a fresh perspective to your re-reading.</span></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="m_9052178614958792611text_exposed_show"><br />
5. Be honest about the level of preparation you put into the assessment
you failed. Was your revision too shallow? Too rushed? Limited to
reading and re-reading? Did you leave yourself enough time? Was your
time management a problem? Please note - I am not asking you to be hard on yourself or to find reasons to be angry with yourself. I am asking that you carry out genuine reflection of your preparation and revision - the time spent, the effectiveness, the level of knowledge and understanding you attained. Self-knowledge and self-assessment is going to be extremely valuable in helping you identify what needs to change for the next attempt. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="m_9052178614958792611text_exposed_show"><br />
6. Be honest about the effectiveness of your revision methods. I have
written a lot about different revision and note taking techniques on my
blog, but here is the post which discusses revision skills in the
greatest detail: </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="m_9052178614958792611text_exposed_show"><a class="m_9052178614958792611OWAAutoLink" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&q=http://snigsclassroom.blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/revising-how-to-get-more-bang-for-your.html&source=gmail&ust=1510493870253000&usg=AFQjCNGIGNVoOsoi7p4ryxFkTXYXvFR4UA" disabled="" href="http://snigsclassroom.blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/revising-how-to-get-more-bang-for-your.html" id="m_9052178614958792611LPlnk732160" target="_blank">http://snigsclassroom.<wbr></wbr>blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/<wbr></wbr>revising-how-to-get-more-bang-<wbr></wbr>for-your.html</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="m_9052178614958792611text_exposed_show">7. Get the up
to date syllabus for any knowledge subject you have to re-sit. Make sure
you know what is expected, and begin the process of checking you have
notes on everything. Do not rely on the textbook or lecture notes alone; always be guided by the syllabus document. Begin by ensuring you understand a topic before beginning the task of trying to remember. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="m_9052178614958792611text_exposed_show">8. Remember that resits should not be a repeat of what has been. As a result of the self reflection I recommend above you should know what your new priorities need to be. Do not fall back into your old habits if you know they have let you down. Be brave enough to try new methods and form new habits. Revision and frequent self testing during the revision period (not just at the end) is proven to be more effective. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="m_9052178614958792611text_exposed_show">9. Remember that you are not your results. You are much more than a "grade". You are a whole person, with so many other skills and attributes. You are valued and valuable, by your friends, family, fellow students and tutors. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="m_9052178614958792611text_exposed_show"><br />
If I can share a old picture from my instagram feed, failing an exam is like a bad hair day; you can do much better <span class="aBn" data-term="goog_1595953242" tabindex="0"><span class="aQJ">tomorrow</span></span>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="m_9052178614958792611text_exposed_show">Good luck with your resit preparations!</span></span></div>
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Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-74430453659888097942017-11-12T10:11:00.000+00:002017-11-12T10:11:45.896+00:00Cross examination - a guest post by Dan Hoadley<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I am thrilled to host this guest post from Barrister and law reporter Dan Hoadley. Dan works for the Incorporated Council of Law Reporting (ICLR) on Chancery Lane. The ICLR are responsible for the official and authoritative law reports used by students, academics and all of the nation's solicitors and barristers every day.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dan lists his interests as Legal technology, open law and data science. Dan used to write a law blog, alongside his legal writing, but has interests in product development, software design, architecture, music and politics. As he so rightly says "It's good to be interested in lots of different things!" If you want to follow Dan on Twitter, you will find him at: <a href="https://twitter.com/DanHLawReporter" target="_blank">https://twitter.com/DanHLawReporter</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dan was a former City Law School student whose advocacy tutor tells me "he was the most natural advocate I've ever taught" and "his cross examination was the best I've ever seen; he just got it, from the beginning". Dan is a legal magician, and it is a pleasure to host his practical, perceptive and astute tips on effective cross examination. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dan's tips differ from those you find in the typical texts on advocacy, because he gets under the skin of courtroom tactics. Also, he advocates consciously altering your style to avoid predictability. He recognises that the advocate must not only take, but crucially, keep the lead.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Over to you, Dan!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"></span><br />
<br />
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">My number one tip for an effective cross-examination is to take your
time and resist the urge to rush through it. Taking your time opens up a
world of possibilities that you will be deprived of if you rush. <br /><br />At
a basic level, slowing things down gives you more time to listen to the
witness and observe their demeanour. You'll have more time to construct
your next question and plan your line of questioning in response to
what you're hearing and seeing. You'll have more time to check your note
and the witness statement. <br /><br />But at a more advanced level, taking
your time gives you the scope to really explore and test the evidence.
Cross-examination shouldn't always be a mechanical exchange (although,
sometimes tactically it may need to be). You'll know, from thorough
preparation, what you expect to achieve with any given witness. But, you
can never really know exactly how things are going to pan out in
advance. <br /><br />The devil is in the detail. Give yourself time to deal with it.<br /><br />A
second tip, which worked for me, is to continually monitor and control
the rhythm of the exchange with the witness. Break long exchanges of
leading closed questions with non-leading questions where it is safe to
do so. Changes in rhythm of your questioning can really help maintain
your control over the witness and, if necessary, unbalance them if
they're sticking in and acclimatising to your style of questioning.</span></i><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">My thanks to Dan for these tips which are the techniques used by high level advocates. He has not covered basics of preparation and questioning here, which would be the bedrock to be built upon before trying these advanced methods. Don't forget that case theory, case analysis and detailed planning of cross examination (including a calculated plan of the risks inherent in your cross examination) must form the basis of your preparation. </span></div>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-70557599429778266502017-10-17T12:43:00.002+01:002017-10-17T12:43:47.953+01:00Evidence in chief - tips from former BPTC students<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Evidence in chief is the process by which the barrister
questions one of his/her own witnesses. The questioning is designed to help the
witness tell the story of the relevant events, in a structured, logical way,
bringing out detail when necessary. It is primarily used in criminal cases
where all of the evidence is oral. In most civil cases, witness statements
stand as the evidence in chief and there is only supplementary questioning. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">On the surface, it appears a simple task. However, it is a
deceptively difficult skill to perform well. The evidence should come from the
witness, which is why the advocate should not ask leading questions on disputed
issues. The barrister needs to carry out case analysis and detailed planning of
the evidence in chief beforehand. During the evidence in chief the barrister
not only has to ask the questions, but carefully listen to the answers, control
the witness and ensure that all the relevant evidence comes before the court,
deftly avoiding anything inadmissible. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">You can read all about the theory of evidence in chief in
the Advocacy manual (definitely worth reading), but what about the realities as
a BPTC student? I asked my former BPTC students if they could help. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Preparation – legal
knowledge and research, case preparation and planning</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Farooq Sher gave astute advice on the best starting point
for any endeavour as a barrister; a full knowledge of the law.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“Know when not to
lead! Know your rules of court, know your civil evidence act, enhance the
positive elements of your case through the evidence of your witness. Breathe.
Take your time. Speak clearly and follow a logical format.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Elicit the objective
and subjective evidence according to the legal tests. Don't forget the burdens
and standards of proof in a civil case.”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As set out above, you should not ask leading questions on
disputed matters, so making lists of disputed matters as part of your
preparation will help you. Knowledge of procedure and rules of evidence might
not immediately seem relevant, but you must know what you can and cannot adduce
and what the court requires.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Elizabeth Salmon emphasised the need for meticulous
preparation. Knowledge of the case as a whole was paramount to her: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“Snigdha, my advice
would be prepare, prepare, prepare. Know what evidence you need your client to
give in order to make your case and ask questions that will allow for that
information to flow.”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The importance of background knowledge and thorough
preparation cannot be overstated - too many students think all that is required
of them is to ask questions based on the witness' statement, with no greater
awareness of the legal framework or the law of evidence. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Practical advice on how to prepare came from Prashant
Sabharwal:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“Know your brief, read
it several times and mark down any detail. Then, prepare the broad outlines of
questioning your witness. Understand that your witness is human. If necessary,
drill down the details through several targeted questions in quick succession.
Most importantly, make your witness comfortable and willing to trust you.”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Preparation of an effective kind is key, and I wholly
endorse Prashant’s approach. The elements of the offence, the events, the
descriptions, the placing of people in the situation - the advocate must be on
top of it all. Another highly significant element of Prashant’s advice is the
need to “drill down” on details. The possible need for asking many questions to
elicit a single piece of information is something many students do not
appreciate. Students often wrongly think that if they ask "What did he
look like?" they will get everything - face, clothes, shoes, hair colour.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Whilst full preparation is important, the plan you put
together must be a flexible one. Something which is too rigid will not work
when dealing with a witness. Witnesses are people, so you can expect a degree
of unpredictability.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mark Joseph warns about having too rigid a plan, stating:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“My view is 'don't
over prepare it'! Focus on the facts you're trying to prove rather than listing
a volume of questions. Add some natural flair!”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sharid Sarwardhi has this advice on preparation: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“My advise is try to
memorise the whole chief in your mind and ask questions based on a pattern,
which you can form earlier, then just keep on listening to the answers and keep
on asking questions. I am not suggesting blindly memorising all the questions
for the chief, because you could easily lose your track in the middle of the
chief. I am just saying that you should remember your facts in such a way so
that when you ask any question you will know what will be your next question
after getting the answer from the witness.”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Travis Ritch brings together all of these ideas with his
mature reflection based on his own practical experience: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“Admittedly, I found
this difficult on the course. But I think now it was put so early in the [skills]
assessments (possibly first) because, however well you prepare (and prepare you
must), your meta-skills of case analysis, fact management, and helping the
finder of fact to find the facts you need to establish your case in law and win
the day, take a leap forwards when you do this assessment. For that reason,
those areas are perhaps the starting point. What has my client told me has
happened, what am I trying to achieve for my client, what do I need my client
to say in order to achieve that for him/her, and then, how do I plan to bring
this information out without leading. </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Undisputed facts are
particularly helpful, because you can state them yourself and use them to
signpost. In practice, cases will range from those where all of the facts seem
to be in dispute to those where all of them are undisputed and the judge has to
decide a single question of law. The course won't give you either of those
extreme scenarios; you will need your witness to establish some or most of the
facts but not all of them. So, use the undisputed facts to full advantage, and
then plan (but don't fully script) how and when you will ask the witness to say
the rest of what you need. As a student, I did not trust my brain to think of
the next logical question or to find another way of asking the same question
while on my feet if I knew the finder of fact had still not heard from the
witness what I needed them to hear. I wish I had now.”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Travis’ perceptive observations and searing honesty should
guide you towards being an excellent advocate. His description of the relationship
between case analysis and questioning is essential reading for students.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Questioning –
avoiding leading</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mark Lafferty had this to say:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“I’ve just
seen your request for advice on evidence in chief and the following snippet
from a Rudyard Kipling poem sprung to mind. I think it's quite useful in a daft
sort of way!</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>I keep six
honest serving-men</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>(They taught
me all I knew);</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Their names
are What and Why and When </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>And How and
Where and Who.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>(Unfortunately,
I think the rest of the poem is utterly irrelevant!)”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In response, I would say Mark’s advice is anything but daft.
It is enormously helpful. Leading questions are only permissible on undisputed
matters. So, learning how to carry out non-leading questioning is very
important. Using the open question words set out in Kipling’s poem will help. You
will need to practice this over and over again, because normal conversation doesn’t
work this way; we nudge each other in conversations, using interruptions,
leading questions, and other ways of pushing a story or conversation on.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hannah Thomas warns against obsessing about leading and
non-leading questions, as this can distract you from the point of the exercise:
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“The thing I
personally found important to note, is not to overthink it. What you're
essentially asking is normal, basic information, and it becomes overcomplicated
by people trying to ask non-leading questions. Think of it like a fact-finding
exercise- when you're asking anyone information you don't know you ask every
question in a non-leading way and I think the pressure of tutors drumming 'non-leading'
into your mind makes you forget that it is literally just normal question and
answer like you would do with your friends.”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">To an extent, you should endeavour to avoid leading, but if
searching for non-leading questions is slowing up the witness handling, or the
questions are becoming too vague and unspecific, then Hannah’s advice will help
you refocus on what is important; the narrative and the facts to be adduced
before the court. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Practice makes
perfect</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Dana Munnings underlines that skills can only be learned
through practice:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“All I can say is practice,
practice, practice, and record yourself while doing so. You are your best
critic. Play it over and over and see where you can improve. Project your
voice, keep eye contact and PRACTICE!“</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Practice always makes perfect. Any person who has learned
any kind of skill, whether sporting, music, dance, art, craft (etc.), will know
the importance of practice to both the building or maintenance of one’s skills
level. But thoughtful practice is the most important things to engage in - with
review and reflection in between. Watching your performances back and assessing
yourself will be hugely valuable.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Prav Chandra has a very simple, achievable tip for all
students: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“Practise with someone
who doesn't know anything about Bar studies. That way, you ask questions which
are easily understood by the witness without trying to be too legal sounding.
At the same time, you get answers that aren't ‘template-like’.”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I have often worried about students practicing with the same
people too often. Fellow BPTC students will tend to try to be too helpful. They
give far too much information in answer to a question, in a way which is not
realistic. Go to court and you will see what I mean. Working with the same
people will tend to mean your skill will evolve to suit those people being your
witness. As a result, the whole exercise becomes "template sounding”. Once
we fall into that template mode, we stop really listening to the answers and
determining which facts have and have not been established. Get out of your
comfort zone and learn to stretch yourself.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Listen. The
importance of paying attention to the witness.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Komal Joshi raised the often ignored point that the witness
should be heard, not just by the court, but by the advocate: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“Don’t over prepare
the questions - listen to the witness and let them tell their story. It not
only makes it (the evidence) flow better, but also more key evidence can be
drawn from them; going from set questions may make you pass over the comments
that they make that may be key in the case theory! It also makes it more
natural and convincing!”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Komal recognises that follow up questions are often
necessary to bring out detail. You cannot hope to use this technique when you
are not listening to the witness with great care. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Small hints, little nuggets
of fact can come out, which will need development. But only if you hear them!</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Eloise Turnnidge supports Komal’s view with these brief,
sharp and incisive points:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“1. Write a
list of facts you seek, not questions to ask.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>2. Make it
conversational. Don’t be a robot.</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>3. Actually
listen to the witness’ response and, if appropriate, adapt your questioning.”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">A list of facts is better than a list of questions because
you can use your pen to quickly cross out facts you have adduced, giving you an
instant reminder of what you have left to adduce. A list of questions is risky,
as the temptation is to read the list of questions, without keeping track of
the actual evidence adduced by the witness. Adapting of the questioning to pick
up the facts which are left on your plan will help you get all of the necessary
facts out, allowing the court to decide on the basis of the best possible
evidence. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Be human. Remember
the witness is human.</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Eloise’s point about being conversational and avoiding being
“robotic” set out above is part of a more general point about the need to be
professional, yet human and recognising the witness is human too. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hesh Kumar takes this point up in his advice: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“One piece of advice,
which helped me a lot in the first few weeks: never forget that in XIC, it’s
your witness. You’re on their side and they’re on yours. Be friendly, ease them
into it. Students are always keen at the start of advocacy training to get into
a witness and do what they’ve seen on minis/on TV/any other experience they may
have, but in chief, a smile never hurts.”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Never forget that you only get to examine in chief the
witnesses which support your case. Why would you want to give them a hard time?
Remembering how stressful it is for a non-lawyer just to be in court, let alone
giving evidence and getting grilled! A bit of politeness, kindness and charm is
always more likely to get co-operation and helpfulness back. I couldn't agree
more.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Jack Horlock reminds us that focussing on questioning
technique often happens at the expense of being polite, natural and courteous
to the witness. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“I found it helpful to
just think of it as having a chat with a friend about the particular topic. The
formalities and other things for the exam etc. are easy to learn and commit to
memory. However, your manner with your
witness comes naturally and if it's forced it's obvious!”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Oliver Bee is blunt, direct but astute:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“Just chill, Winston,
or whatever your name is. If you sound like a clipped privileged twit barking
your commands to the lower orders or a robotic staccato fartgun, that never
plays well. Be conversational, you're eliciting a story, a credible narrative
for the entertainment of the court.”</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">As barristers-to-be, you have the advantage of a good
education, usually far in excess of that of your clients and witnesses. They
are already intimidated by you, and your profession. There’s no need to ensure
they know how intelligent and well educated you are. Help them do their job,
and they will help you do yours. Oliver explains further <i>“remember that you aren't just asking questions or proving a case, but
dealing with another human being is very important. This is a communication
based skill.”</i> What we do and say in court has far reaching consequences. We
would do well to remember that!</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Marshall Harkins has this highly effective tip, which is
genius:</span></span></div>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“Asking how the
witness felt or thought about important moments can be insightful and efficient.”</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Advocates often focus on their own performance, forgetting
that just watching back a video is only half the story. The witness is the
vital other half; a living, breathing, thinking human who can tell you whether
they were helped in telling the story by your questions. They can help you
identify questions which are vague, unfocussed, unhelpful to ensure you avoid
them in future. Sit down with the person you questioned and ask them for
feedback. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Chee Wan Yee brings all of these ideas together with her
advice:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“I feel like the most
important thing to remember in XIC is that you are dealing with an actual
person who may be afraid of being at the stand. The witness' feelings are so
important and many students fail to ask questions regarding how the witness
felt at the time of the incident. It is also useful to imagine that you are in
the scene when the incident occurred so that you have a clearer idea of what is
going on. Do not bombard the witness with tough questions and properly read the
brief before forming questions because students tend to ask irrelevant
questions by thinking that more questions equals more points. Also, it is
crucial to prepare the witness for XX!! Better to ask the questions early and
let the witness explain themselves than to get caught out later on!”</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tom Jones puts things back into perspective. The star of the
show should be the witness, not the advocate. Your time to shine will be in the
closing speech of the trial. </span></span></div>
<br /><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“I received an
outstanding in my final assessment for XIC. My strategy was to let the witness
do the talking. I think that you should trust your preparation; read the entire
bundle carefully (and not just the WS of the person being “chiefed”) and
practice asking the questions before hand. There's no shame in memorising your
prepared questions so that you can maximise eye contact with the witness on the
day.”</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Conclusion</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Planning is vital; know your law, rules of evidence, the
elements of the offence, and all of the papers thoroughly. Plan using a fact
led approach and don’t script your questions. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Avoid leading, but don’t be obsessive. Try to get the story
to flow.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Listen to the witness. Watch out for little clues and hints
which could be followed up with further questioning. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Practice frequently, with a wide variety of people. Watch
yourself and be self-critical. Get feedback from the witness.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Don’t forget to be courteous. Remember your witness is on
your side and is only human.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Finally</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Deepti Bismohun has this final word:</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>“Snigdha. Just tell
them to listen to your advice. It works trust me, I am a lawyer!!”</i></span></span></div>
</div>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-14117151126214495152017-04-09T16:58:00.002+01:002017-04-09T16:59:26.197+01:00Revision tips from former BPTC students for 2017<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dear
Current BPTC students,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is
easy, when you’re revising at home, to feel alone and isolated. It is also easy
to feel like no-one understands what you are going through. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">But
you have allies and friends among former BPTC students. Here are their learning
tips, tricks, and techniques. </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You
don’t just have to take it from me, you can learn from people who’ve done the
BPTC and made it through to the other side!</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Good
luck with your revision and exams, </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">With
love</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Snigdha</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">PS –
this is a long blog post – but it is worth reading in full. This is the
distilled experience of people who have survived the BPTC and are thriving now.
</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yXcBUBhUUzk/WOpZ2Bn_r1I/AAAAAAAAIrY/XTgSlsLhL9w_9BUXsOW4Eeqv02uIqbQgQCLcB/s1600/Revision2017.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-yXcBUBhUUzk/WOpZ2Bn_r1I/AAAAAAAAIrY/XTgSlsLhL9w_9BUXsOW4Eeqv02uIqbQgQCLcB/s400/Revision2017.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Josh Giddens advocates teaching the subject to a fellow
student or friend, as it encourages deep understanding, which helps retention.
He also recommends diagrammatic notes, using either spider diagrams, flow
charts or procedure diagrams. He says:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Teach a topic to someone willing to listen! At the end of
each topic I draw a spider diagram as a summary to that topic and draw flow
charts/process flows for procedural steps.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Andy Horton, former CLS librarian, legal research guru and
quizzing supremo suggests that after putting in good, hard work, you need to
know when to take a rest. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“The most useful revision technique I happened on was to
take proper breaks - and stop at the end of the day. Formed informal club of
finalists who met in bar for one beer and chat every evening, marking end of
day's revision.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Travis Ritch is a student after my own heart and shares my
views completely:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Snigdha, you know what I'm going to say: read the
syllabus! You cannot be examined on anything outside of it. This simple shift
in perspective from ‘OMG! I have to be a QC by next week’ to ‘Hey, I can manage
this’ is critical.”<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Travis goes on to explain in greater detail:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Allow me to expand on why this mindset is important. The
examiner is bound by rules. You on the other hand, while learning (and
preparing assessments for submission), are not. In other words, you can
approach the task in many ways - not suggesting anything unethical or against
the course requirements - and always in the knowledge that you can't be
ambushed by something you weren't expected to know. I'm taking into account
cultural factors here too. Most BPTC students are motivated by fear of failure,
whether they want or have offers of pupillage or they don't, and many feel
uncomfortable in the environment or simply uncompetitive altogether. Every
assessment you sit has a scope limited by the syllabus. Find out what it is,
ensure there are no gaps in your knowledge, and what you get is a feeling of
control, which is the same feeling a practising barrister wants to take to
court. Read AROUND what you have to know and now you're really on your way. It
can all seem so overwhelming - approaching the task from the perspective that
your examiner has to play with a straight bat is a smart idea, because it's
true. I can also strongly recommend a Sunday roast (being lucky myself to have
prep on Mondays!)”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The importance of using the syllabus was seconded by
Shireen Cotto, who was candid and honest about her experience (for which I am
particularly thankful):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“I failed both criminal and civil until I followed the
syllabus and ticked off each area as I went along. I highlighted and discussed
the content with a library buddy and I ended up somehow passing both even after
deferring a year and therefore having no classroom study for nearly two years.
I also used a really well written revision book which followed the syllabus.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Peter Khoury, a student who has always given excellent and
practical advice, agreed:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Review the syllabus as Travis suggests. Check that your
notes address each syllabus topic. Ensure you have questions and model answers
for each topic. Study buddies are a must. Re-write your notes on a whiteboard
over and over again. Get your study buddies to erase various sections of your
study notes on the whiteboard and then you fill in the blanks. Sounds
simplistic but it is effective. Good luck!”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Shah Ali Farhad says you should not neglect your need for
downtime. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“I would give one general piece of advice, rather than
specific revision tips. This helped me greatly during my own time at the BPTC.
Notwithstanding the pressure, one MUST take a day off from anything and
everything related to the BPTC. Every 3-4 days should be separated by a day
off. BPTC is mental and psychological workload. One must give the body and mind
that crucial one day to recuperate 3-4 days of gruelling workload. This should
be followed during exams too. Believe me, your studies and academic priorities
will be benefitted, not hampered, by this time off.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Yee Ling Cheah has advice on how to use practice questions
and how to be self-reflective:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">“How I
passed the BPTC, being in a blur for most of it?! I got through by doing lots
of practice questions and understanding what the question wants. practice after
a few topics, or pick questions that are on the topic you've just revised.
after you've done all the topics, do all the practice questions again, even if
it means repeating a few questions. Marking your own answers, no matter how
brilliant or ridiculous they are, forces you to see where you've gotten it
wrong, and how to make it right.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Please read the above advice carefully. Students tend to
think practicing exam questions is purely done to see if you pass. This is only
half of their purpose. You should use any practice questions, whether from LGS
or SGS or from a mock to check your weak areas and examine how the questions
are put together. Reflecting on your technique and efficacy is essential. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Joseph Seo began his invaluable advice by giving some
general suggestions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“I passed both civil and crim lit back in 2015. Two things
I paid attention to: - The law was written for a reason (i.e. there's an
underlying rationale to find and once you do, you can connect the dots and commit
it to memory) - Also, understand that many things studied in BPTC come in
components, and in an orderly fashion (i.e. the legal requirements to fulfil -
which also explains why I make my notes in the form of tree diagrams.”<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">These thoughts were picked up by Travis who I hope you
thank as much as I do for the time and trouble he has taken to pass on the
benefit of his experience: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Completely agree with both of these points. Having studied
jurisprudence helps with the former but is by no means necessary - just get
your head around what the rule/law is there for and what contribution it makes.
By doing so you will understand when it comes into play. Also, in practice, you
really can use things like the overriding objective! Got me a 3 week
adjournment once. People learn so differently (diagrams have never worked for
me for example) but whatever you have to do to expose the underlying rationale
is definitely going to pay dividends when you have to apply the knowledge to a
set of facts.”</span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This is important stuff being
highlighted by Joseph and Travis. The "rationale" is often the peg to
hang your knowledge from. As children, we used to ask "why?". As
adults, we become scared to ask such a basic question. But is it
"basic" (as in superficial) or is it actually "basic" as in
FUNDAMENTAL?</span></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Joseph Seo went on to share
his method of making notes. Here is the diagram he sent me:</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nhNHvE5j5GM/WOpaBYhtahI/AAAAAAAAIrc/CU527CeB9kwFbB8_NB64p2e2X11hv1wuACLcB/s1600/Tree%2Bdiagram.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="386" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nhNHvE5j5GM/WOpaBYhtahI/AAAAAAAAIrc/CU527CeB9kwFbB8_NB64p2e2X11hv1wuACLcB/s400/Tree%2Bdiagram.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span class="hascaption"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Joseph explains the diagram:</span></span></div>
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<span class="hascaption"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“From left to right:</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<span class="hascaption">- Blue box for the law</span><br />
<span class="hascaption">- White boxes for breaking down the law into components</span><br />
<span class="hascaption">- Then orange to explain each component, often with an
attached example”.</span></span></div>
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<span class="hascaption"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Joseph then explains:</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br />
<br />
<span class="textexposedshow">“Once you've distilled the law into this, you can
read the chart in reverse order (i.e. orange --> white --> blue) to see
if it makes sense. And most importantly, keep referring to your chart in the
course of your studies. Repetition helps to further commit to memory.”</span></span></div>
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<span class="textexposedshow"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Joseph’s method is s</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">imple
yet effective. It is easy to learn, easy to apply, but has strong methodology
behind it. It is highly transferrable. Because the main objective of this
method is achieving understanding, it begins on a steady foundation. Too many
students, in my experience, try to learn/memorise without understanding. Joseph’s
technique puts understanding and comprehension at the forefront. This means
remembering is much easier, as it builds upon the foundation of the
understanding. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">David Kemeny, one of my best ever advocacy students said:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“I found the best thing I could do for the heavy knowledge
subjects was to find a few study buddies and teach each other parts of the
syllabus. If I can explain something to someone else, I find the knowledge
sticks more reliably.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His advice struck a chord with past BPTC students, who
added the following brilliant and constructive advice:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Matthew Rees made a very helpful suggestion, which I’m sure
the Library or School office can help with…. Get a room!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“And book a room with a whiteboard (such as the one in
City's Gray's Inn library) to go through past paper questions with others.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dana Munnings agreed with this advice. She said:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“This is the best piece of advice ever. I would learn topic
by topic, write them down, call family members abroad and tell them about each
topic. They got tired and didn't know what the dickens I was talking about, but
it's like talking gossip, make it juicy and it sticks. Another thing I did was
record myself explaining it and play it back on the tube, on the way to class,
heading to dinner, everywhere. Even if you're not paying close attention, it
stays in your subconscious mind.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dana’s tip is extremely helpful because it recognises some
people are communicators and/or use auditory memory. Too often we think
learning is visual, when the reality is that it is linked to all of our senses.
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Picking up on this advice, we have more sound advice from
Travis:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Trying to teach someone else is the real test of
understanding and a great way to check whether you have it, as well as
developing it because it will likely involve expressing your understanding at
different levels of detail and abstraction and that does make it stick.
Completely agree.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I will confess, but truest and completest understanding of civil
litigation came as a result of teaching it in my first year at CLS. After that,
I could understand what I’d had to constantly look up in practice. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Travis’ team-teaching tip was supported by David Kemeny,
adding his second valuable tip: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">“Yep,
particularly if your study partners then stress-test your explanations by
slightly tweaking the fact patterns.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Laura Hollingbery added her superbly honest and highly realistic
advice:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“I found myself getting really distracted and
procrastinating during revision. I decided to mix things up so I bought myself
a whiteboard from Rymans, some coloured markers and mounted it on the wall next
to my desk. It was great for drawing diagrams, testing yourself quickly and
provided a welcome break from the monotony of pen and paper note-taking.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I agree with Laura that revision can be dull and boring and
I applaud her advice on keeping it interesting. Laura went on to say:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“I think teaching someone is often the best way of checking
you've learned something sufficiently. With some of the topics that I found
harder to grasp, I either pretended to teach a non-existent class or found some
poor but willing, non-legally minded family or friend to explain hearsay and
the like to them, forcing them to ask questions on anything they didn't
understand. Payment in coffee usually does the trick.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Faridah Hemani reiterated that if you are an auditory
learner and a good communicator, use those skills. She was always good at
explaining things and conveying her understanding.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“The best way to study for me was just listening to the
lectures and then having group discussions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Not disregarding the fact that we have to read, but it just makes more
sense after the lectures as I personally found it easier to understand and
retain the information.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Suzanne Reece, my amazing former colleague reminds us all
that we perhaps have to reflect on what kind of </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">a learner we are. We are not
all the same, and we won’t respond to different stimuli in the same way. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Students have different learning styles. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Find yours and you will find learning and
revising easier. Learners can be-read/write students (who love note taking).
Visual learners love to draw pictures. Audio learners learn by listening and ‘doing’
learners learn by modelling.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mohammed Golam Kibria Shimul reminds students that fear,
particularly fear of failure can be debilitating, particularly realising such
fear can be a cultural thing: </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“First, remove fear from you student mind; especially Asian
students!! I found if I had no fear then even the BPTC was not that hard!”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Finally, this utterly wonderful contribution from Simone
Perry emphasises that using many different skills and techniques together,
changing approach from day to day and time to time keeps things fresh. I also
totally endorse her comments about taking time to reflect each day.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">“Hi Snigdha!
I just wanted to tell you that several skills you've posted about on your fb
really helped me through my BPTC, and are still applicable in my working life
now.<br />
<br />
One of it is the Pomodoro technique. It made me more efficient - I avoided
procrastination. I found it fun to constantly try to finish a task before the
25 mins interval end. When I managed to get something done just before an
interval ends, or if I manage to finish many rounds in a day, or when I reflect
on my day and find that I managed to learn many things/get many things done in
a day, it feels incredibly rewarding.<br />
<br />
Another technique I picked up was to put everything into mind maps (I mean,
really, everything). I believe we learn and memorise materials best through
visualisation and association. The mind map really does not have to be pretty.
It does not even have to be very concise if one is not good at doing it. But it
just has to be in a map form, on a piece of paper. Putting certain materials in
certain places help you visualise and remember what it is about. <br />
<br />
I also found that reconsolidating my notes at least twice, reading them out as
I do so, recording myself, and replaying the recording back to myself, helped a
lot with memorising a big bunch of materials. Surprisingly, the materials also
stayed in my mind for quite a long time.<br />
<br />
Every day, one should always spend some time to reflect back and
visualise/replay everything that one has learned. You can do it in the gym, in
the shower, while eating, or lying in your bed preparing to fall asleep.
Visualise it in your head -- remember where you placed certain materials in the
mind maps you did, imagine yourself writing them out and also think about how
to apply it in certain scenarios or how to put them in an essay/a piece of
work. <br />
<br />
Lastly, I am a strong believer in visualising your success. Set a goal. Write
it down on a piece of paper, stick it near your bed, look at it every morning.
Visualise how you are going to achieve it. Visualise yourself attaining it. For
myself, all I had in mind when I started BPTC was to pass everything in one go
and get called to the Bar in July. I had rather low expectations for myself
after hearing about how some people had to re-do the BPTC several times.
However, from day 1 after I set my goal, I started to visualise myself checking
my final results, I visualised myself being happy, I visualised my family being
happy, and most importantly, I visualised myself walking down the aisle of
Temple Church and collecting my call certificate. I visualised many details;
and I memorised the lovely and happy feelings I thought I would feel at the end
of it all. <br />
<br />
I replay all these in my head whenever I feel lost, worn out and want to give
up. It certainly helped me put things in perspective again and helped me
remember how much I wanted that end result. <br />
<br />
All these certainly has helped me in many aspects of my life, not just the
BPTC. I want to thank you for posting the things that you have on your
facebook, they have enlightened me a lot. Of course, these may not be
applicable to every single person. One just has to experiment and see what
method of working suits them best. And whenever you meet lost and tired BPTC
students, remind them that it is okay to feel a fear of failure, remind them
that it is all going to be okay at the end, and if they make it, they are going
to be so much stronger and better, and they will feel proud of themselves. It
also does not matter how long we take to do something, as long as we get it
done. Each person has their own abilities and timeline in life, and one really
shouldn't beat themselves up for not being able to achieve something as fast as
another person. Things will come to us one day when we work hard (and smart)
for it.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Simone’s visualisation tip is excellent. How about doing
this – borrow a wig and gown. Take a picture of yourself wearing them. Get the
picture printed out. Stick it to your bedroom door or bedroom mirror. Look at
it every day to remind you of what you are working towards. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Thank you to all of my contributors. You are amazing. </span></div>
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Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-60305016761794211922017-01-31T11:18:00.001+00:002017-01-31T11:18:43.249+00:00Opinion writing – Exam preparation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The opinion writing exam is drawing near and the nerves are
building. There are a great many things you can do to help yourself, so I hope
to home in on some practical and achievable steps which will help point you in
the right direction.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Many students do not actually read the Case Preparation and
Opinion Writing manual. This could be because they are not referred to much in
classes (either SGS or LGS). This is because we are meant to focus on
practitioner’s texts and not the manuals, rather than because the manual itself
is unhelpful. Also, if former students have suggested to you that the manual is
not worth reading, you may want to ask yourself what you might actually lose from
spending some time reading some particularly appropriate chapters and paragraphs.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">My suggestion to you is that there are several chapters
which are essential preparation for the exam which need your attention.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Opinion writing is a composite skill. It is made up of:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-Legal research: looking up, reading from, making notes
about and UNDERSTANDING the relevant areas of law. Simply printing or
photocopying materials will not be enough.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-Case analysis and case preparation: reading your case
papers, discerning which side you are on, working out whether you are likely to
be claiming or defending, working out the cause of action, determining the
facts relevant to make out each cause of action, proving (with evidence) the
elements of the cause of action (or the defence), measuring the prospects of
success and the remedy (or exposure to loss).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-Recording the above in documentary form by writing a cogent
opinion which is a practical, problem solving document which considers
litigation realities, burden of proof, funding (and costs) which states
conclusions wherever possible, based on reasoning rooted in facts, law and
evidence. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">F</span>or case analysis:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Please begin by reading the following chapters of the Case
Preparation and Opinion Writing manual:<br /> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Chapter 10 - Overview of a Civil case<br /> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Chapter 12 - The Fact Management process (this will actually help you with all
of your skills subjects)<br /> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Chapter 13 Presentation for the Practitioners (the CAP approach in action) [again
- will help with all of the skills]</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hqVHJOpQ8Po/WI-eKsgh2wI/AAAAAAAAIgA/Oc1olxWvFwM0Fw3g21cJHVcQiDCYwQ-gACLcB/s1600/Case%2BAnalysis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="385" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hqVHJOpQ8Po/WI-eKsgh2wI/AAAAAAAAIgA/Oc1olxWvFwM0Fw3g21cJHVcQiDCYwQ-gACLcB/s400/Case%2BAnalysis.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="textexposedshow">This is the “Opinion Forming” process – where you
form the views which you will eventually record in the opinion.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="textexposedshow">Next comes the skill of opinion
writing itself, because you do not simply set out your analysis process in
writing. Please read:</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="textexposedshow">Chapter 19 - Opinion Writing -
IGNORE THIS AT YOUR PERIL!</span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="textexposedshow">Chapter 21 - Getting Started - Read and even if you
have already read it before, re-read it!</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="textexposedshow">Suzanne Reece's <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">book "10 Reasons You <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Didn't Write <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">An O<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">utstanding Opinion" is also a val<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">uable and helpful <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">read. </span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Why don’t you simply set out your thinking process? Because
not all of your thinking will be relevant or important.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">If a matter is not disputed, then you do not need to spend
time considering how difficult it is to prove. For example, it is often
undisputed that a contract existed or that a duty of care was owed. What is
important is whether either were breached.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Once you have done that reading we come to a question I
often get asked by students: </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“Is there a secret to good opinion writing?” </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Of course there is! But, to disappoint you all, it isn't a
quick fix. The secret involves thinking like a lawyer. The secret definitely isn't
copying suggested answers given to you at Bar School. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Think about it - if opinion writing was about quick fixes
and copying suggested answers, why on earth would a solicitor pay you good
money to write an opinion for them? They're qualified lawyers themselves! They
have some idea of how to assess the merits of the case. They have procedural
knowledge. They know about evidence and proof. They need your advice as Counsel
are the specialists about how matters are handled and heard in court. That’s
why they are asking you. Don’t assume any lack of knowledge or experience - and
don't ever assume they are stupid.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The secret is... well, it isn't a single secret thing. </span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="textexposedshow">You need to have a real understanding of the areas
of law you are asked to research. Do your research, print up some legal
resources, make some bullet point notes. Make sure you understand the law
properly, before you think about anything else. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="textexposedshow">You need to have a good awareness of civil
procedure (at CLS the opinion is a civil one). Pre-action procedure or
post-issue procedure could be equally relevant. How well do you understand your
civil procedure. In particular – pre-action conduct, limitation, commencing
proceedings, responding and defending, Part 36.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="textexposedshow">You need to understand
litigation tactics. When to sue, who to sue, how limitation affects your
decisions, requests for further information, defending, how to stay for ADR, appropriate
methods of ADR, use of part 36.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="textexposedshow">THEN - you have to make sure you carry out careful,
methodical case analysis. (See below).</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="textexposedshow">THEN - you have to plan the
structure and content of your opinion. (Writing without a plan results in
unstructured, rambling, unfocussed, directionless writing). </span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="textexposedshow">ONLY THEN - can you start
writing. (But make sure you leave yourself enough time for the task!)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">But what makes a good
opinion? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">You should realise by
now it is not an essay. Not an academic discussion of the legal issues. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">At degree or GDL
level you can easily write “on the one hand this… on the other hand that…”. But
it will not work for opinion writing. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">This is because that
sort of fence sitting, theoretical writing is not helpful for resolving your
client’s legal problem. You are not being instructed to demonstrate your
knowledge of the law.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Solving the problems of the client is the MOST important
thing an opinion must achieve.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Should the client sue (or defend)? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-What are the realistic chances of success? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-How can the chances of success be improved by obtaining
evidence? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-Which issues need greater investigation? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-What stage of the proceedings are we at? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-What comes next? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-Are any time limits looming around the corner? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-What will we get, if we win?</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-Is it worth the time, money and heartache? </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Of course, none of these questions can be answered by
sitting on the fence - or by copying from a suggested answer.)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">NEVER tell the client what you think they want to hear.
(Always be realistic, and support your opinion with reasoning based on facts,
legal principle and evidence.)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Remember: if you tell them to sue, if you tell them they
will win, if you say they'll recover lots of money, they will love you when
they first read your opinion. When it goes wrong, whatever the reason, they
will blame YOU.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When you advise a client to litigate, you are asking them to
stake their money and take a risk on something they have no knowledge or
understanding about.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">How many of you know nothing about horseracing? Well, that's
how the client feels about litigation. Would you put all your money on Fennann
on today's 13:40 race at Plumpton because I told you I had a hunch it would
win? No you wouldn't.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hunches, maybes, possibilities are not going to reassure
your client.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Solidly reasoned advice will.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Good luck to you all! </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">With very best wishes</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Snigdha</span></span></div>
</div>
Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-33423252968645947582016-08-11T21:01:00.002+01:002018-07-30T12:46:54.020+01:00How should I prepare for the drafting resit exam?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">I have been asked by
drafting students how to prepare for the resit. These are my thoughts. </span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;"><b>*Newly updated - 30 July 2018 - all new content in bold*</b> </span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P_I5O4Rl3uw/V6zcR_UjBgI/AAAAAAAAH4w/tRAba7893Og5ubnf2qnKjxVZ4g88QIxRgCLcB/s1600/Drafting%2Bresit.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-P_I5O4Rl3uw/V6zcR_UjBgI/AAAAAAAAH4w/tRAba7893Og5ubnf2qnKjxVZ4g88QIxRgCLcB/s400/Drafting%2Bresit.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">1.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">Download the core law
document from Moodle. <b>Do this early. Do not leave it to the last minute.</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">2.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">Complete the legal research on the core law. Don’t forget to ensure you
understand the areas of law, and don’t neglect the Remedies manual as a
resource. <b>In other words, you will need to have a basic understanding of liability and quantum. The Remedies manual is often overlooked by students - yet it is a very useful resource. </b>If you have to start from basics, don’t be afraid to pick up the
relevant Nutshell. <b>But understanding the law, is crucial. </b>Top up your understanding with research from practitioner sources.
Make notes and printouts as needed. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;"><b>You will also need to know all of the legal and factual elements of a claim - make a list.</b> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">3.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">Put together a drafting file – with all of your drafting work and all of
the suggested answers. <b>Look back at your work, to review what you have learned about drafting.</b> Use sections or tabs to label up. Know where you will
find helpful wordings and guidance. Make sure you’ve carefully read the
commentaries to the suggested answers. Put your notes on the law from point 2
above in your file. <b>Go back to Moodle and check the class slides from LGS and SGS. Is there anything useful here you'd like to have with you in the exam - make a note or print it out. </b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">4.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">If you did not do the 2nd formal feedback exercise, please do
so under timed conditions. 3.5 hours, like in the exam. Then compare your work
to the suggested answer <strike>– and listen to my podcast</strike>.<b> (Apologies - there is no podcast any more)</b> This should give you a lot
of food for thought and tips on general student problems encountered in
drafting. <b>If there were any small groups drafts you did not attempt, do them now. Even if they are NOT in the area/s of law in the core law. Drafting is a skill, and skills are learned from practice. Even an unrelated law drafting practice attempt will help you hone your precision, and will help you practice the transferrable skill of case analysis.</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">5.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">Read your failed feedback thoroughly, even if you read it when you first
got your results. At the time you first got your results, you would have been
angry. You would not have been willing to learn from the feedback and know how
to improve. Read it with an open mind.<b> What are your main areas which need improving? Which areas are good enough already? What do you need to do to achieve the improvements?</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">6.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">Re-read chapters 7, 8 and 13 of the drafting manual. Really examine the “stages”
approach to drafting in chapter 7, the method of preparing to draft in chapter
8 and the advice and discussion in chapter 13. <b>Going back to these chapters with the benefit of the knowledge you have amassed will help you pick up on small hints, tips and things to do in the exam. </b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">7.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">Re-read the documents in the Revision Resources on moodle. <strike>My advice
document and</strike> the revision notes are particularly of use.<b> The Advice document is no longer on moodle. Sorry!</b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">8.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">Go back through the LGS slides and general resources on moodle. Some of
the grids may help you with efficient and logical case analysis. <b>Remembering the order of issues will help you with the structure of your draft. Remember which issues need to go in your draft will help you with your case analysis. </b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">9.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">If you have often cut corners on case analysis, go back to the Case
Preparation and Opinion Writing Manual.<b> Please do not start writing your draft until you have completed your case analysis. The vast majority of people who do not pass drafting are people who carry out little or no case analysis. </b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">10.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">Write yourself short
account of half a page of A4 relating to what you did during the drafting exam
- how you spent your time, what tasks you did, what judgments and decisions you
made. Reflect on whether you carried out adequate analysis and planning in the
light of the work you have done above.<b> Reflecting will teach you a lot about your own working practices, even if it can be upsetting. </b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;">11.<span style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: black;">Write yourself a short
account of half a page of A4 setting out what you think you need to do
differently. Refer to the failed feedback to do this. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The drafting process is:</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Read</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Analyse </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Plan</span></span></div>
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Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3049655514402922529.post-58592402854346173952016-03-16T12:21:00.001+00:002016-03-17T20:47:42.953+00:00Exam technique advice from Will Skjott<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>When I write for this blog, I am well aware that since I am a university lecturer my advice might be received with scepticism. I know the thought process well. Of course I would advise that students should be prepared for classes, it benefits me, right? Makes my life easier in the classroom, doesn't it? Undoubtedly, it does. But why? It's not because I have less work to do as a tutor. It is because there is less difference of understanding and frame of reference between the many students in the classroom if everyone is up to speed. It is because I can genuinely help students with what is confusing them if they have tried to read and understand the subject and tried to study it by themselves. </i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>It is precisely because students have an inherent scepticism of advice given by tutors that I love being able to bring you insights and advice from former students. They cannot be accused of having ulterior motives. They have been in exactly the same position as you. They have made their own minds up about what to do. And the successful ones have great strategies which can truly help.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>I am very pleased to bring you this blog post from Will Sk</i></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><i>j</i></span><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>ott. He is a former personal tutee of rare quality, Will was universally praised by his tutors for being diligent, thoughtful, hard working and bright as a button. Will ably sailed through his assessments, gaining highly impressive results in all of the centrally set assessments. One day, Will kindly explained to me that he had thought about and planned his exam technique. I took the liberty of asking him to share his exam tips with you all. </i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>These tips are excellent. They are thoughtful and accord with accepted research on how memory works. The methodology here is directed towards good time management and giving yourself the time and space to recall things. Dividing your time is an essential technique for exam success which often gets overlooked. Equally, too many students answer questions in a panic, without having read them or understood them properly. Some of these ideas may not be your "usual" way of handling the exam situation, but ask yourself if your techniques could realistically do with improvement. I honestly think there is always something to learn.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Will, your intelligence and ability always made me proud of you. As did your modest and self-assured manner. You didn't make any fuss or draw any attention to yourself. You </i></span><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: -webkit-center;"><i>j</i></span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">ust got on with the business of being brilliant. That you were prepared to help my current students, people you have not even met, makes me all the more proud. Thank you for making this blog post happen - I truly appreciate your time and trouble. </i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>And my students will appreciate the genuine views of a real former BPTC student, rather than the recommendations of a tutor.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Over to you, Will!</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Exam technique advice from Will Skjott</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Firstly: for anyone who has <u>timing problems</u></span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(I'm usually OK with this, but I thought these thoughts
might help). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Before the exam work out how much time you have for each
question (SAQ and the complete MCQs). When the exam is kicked off spend 2
minutes WRITING the finish times of each section you need to complete on some
paper. Since you cannot now take a watch into an exam (smartwatches are
possible tools for cheating), you need to keep an eye on the clock in the exam
room. That way you can keep track of your progress and know when you need to
force yourself to move on so you don't end up running out of time and scuppering
your chances. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Anyway, onto <u>my exam strategy</u>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I don't know whether this works for everyone. I might be a
bit odd but it definitely works for me. I have to point out that I am one of
those people who needs to write things to learn them. I took notes in all our
lectures even when I had the slides because otherwise it goes in one ear and
out the other. Also when revising I write notes upon notes upon notes. Getting
more and more distilled and sometimes onto coloured paper for the last notes. I
take these to the exam and read and re-read right up until the time I have to
go in. I know people don't recommend this, but for me it means I can shove a
bit into my short term memory which can be useful later. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When I get in, I put all my stuff the way I want it. Water
etc (not unlike Rafa Nadal!). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">When I am allowed sometimes I will write anything I think
might be useful from my short term memory that I think I might forget onto a
piece of rough paper.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Once the exam starts I go straight to the SAQs in the
question paper. Next to the questions I will put some notes about what the
answer might be. If I don't know the answer I will put some words about what I
think they might be looking for or what the question is actually about as a
guide for later. Go through all the SAQs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Then I will go to the MCQs again in the Question paper. Read
the questions and circle the answers I think are correct or put question marks
next to the ones I am unsure of. Try and cross out any answers I know are
wrong. Quickly highlight what they are asking for (which is INCORRECT, CORRECT,
RIGHT etc so I don't make THAT stupid mistake!).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Once I have done that I will go and ANSWER the SAQs.
Rereading the questions etc. Then I will go through and answer the MCQs again
rereading and writing on the rough paper the numbers of any that I am unsure of
so I can go back to them first if I have time at the end.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I find that doing this means that I get to look at every
question twice. This helps reduce stupid errors from a lack of reading and
understanding. Also doing it like this gives my subconscious brain time to </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">process answers and think while I am answering other questions. Sometimes
answers come after 20 minutes of doing something else and MCQs/SAQs can
sometimes trigger answers to each other.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I definitely think writing short term knowledge down at the
start is worth doing on the SAQs. If you go through the exam MCQ then SAQ I
think you are cheating yourself out of time and possibility of reading and
rereading. Also your best tool is your little brain and it can do things while
you are concentrating on something else. Give it a chance!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Anyway, these are just my thoughts and what I do. I don't
know whether they will work for anyone else or whether they may, in fact, be
totally against the usual study skills and wisdom. I just have a mind that
likes to read things through (case papers etc) and do something else to then
return and find out I have loads of answers.</span></div>
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Snigdhahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12035209016906130655noreply@blogger.com0